1. Technological superiority is often the key determinant of military power. Examine how emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, cyber warfare, unmanned systems, and space capabilities are reshaping India’s defence preparedness.
| SYLLABUS: General Studies – III: Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks, Role of Media and Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges, Basics of Cyber Security; Money-Laundering and its prevention |
IN NEWS: Constant technological upgrade will help stay ahead of rivals, says Army chief
Emerging technologies like AI, cyber warfare, unmanned systems, and space capabilities are revolutionizing India’s defense. These advancements are key to “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” (self-reliant India) in defense, bolstering capabilities against evolving threats.
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Enhanced Decision-Making: AI provides real-time data analysis for quicker, more accurate battlefield decisions and improved situational awareness.
Examples: Border surveillance systems, predictive maintenance, and AI-driven training simulations are being implemented.
2. Cyber Warfare
Critical Domain: India is building robust offensive and defensive cyber capabilities to protect networks and counter digital threats.
Examples: The Defence Cyber Agency (DCyA) is central to this effort; development of deepfake detection software and cyber ranges for training are underway.
3. Unmanned Systems
Reduced Risk, Extended Reach: Drones and other unmanned vehicles are crucial for reconnaissance, surveillance, and combat, minimizing human risk.
Examples: Indigenous UAVs like Rustom-2 are deployed for ISTAR missions; future plans include stealth UCAVs.
4. Space Capabilities
Strategic Advantage: Space assets are vital for ISR, navigation, and secure communication, providing critical intelligence and enabling global reach.
Examples: India leverages satellites for ISR and is developing its own navigation system, NavIC, to reduce foreign reliance. The Defence Space Agency (DSA) manages these assets.
5. Integration & Synergy
Network-Centric Warfare: These technologies are being integrated to create a seamless, interconnected defense network for enhanced coordination and rapid response. AI powers unmanned systems, while cyber secures their operations.
6. Indigenous Development:
DRDO and private players are developing indigenous technologies to reduce import dependence and build customized solutions.
Examples: iDEX initiative, development of indigenous drones and cyber tools.
Emerging technologies are not just enablers but determinants of military power. For India, indigenization, cyber resilience, and AI-driven defence systems are vital to stay ahead of rivals and safeguard national security.
| PYQ REFERENCE (2021) Q. Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (150 words) |
2. “By prescribing timelines for Governors to act on State Bills, the Supreme Court seeks to curb delays that undermine elected legislatures.” In this context, discuss how judicially imposed timelines under Articles 200 and 201 could reshape the collaborative federalism.
| SYLLABUS: General Studies – II: Parliament and State Legislatures—Structure, Functioning, Conduct of Business, Powers & Privileges and Issues Arising out of these |
IN NEWS: Governors must act as true guides and philosophers to States, says CJI Gavai
The Supreme Court’s move to prescribe timelines for Governors to act on Bills under Articles 200 and 201 seeks to address prolonged delays that undermine State legislatures and federal harmony
Impact on Collaborative Federalism
1. Ends “Pocket Veto” – Prevents Governors from sitting indefinitely on Bills, ensuring legislative efficiency.
2. Strengthens State Legislatures – Reaffirms the primacy of elected representatives over a nominated constitutional head.
3. Promotes Collaborative Federalism – Reduces adversarial Centre–State relations by ensuring timely decisions.
4. Protects Constitutional Morality – Governors act as neutral facilitators rather than political actors.
5. Ensures People’s Welfare – Timely assent allows welfare legislation to be implemented without delay.
6. Brings Clarity – Fixed timelines eliminate ambiguity around the term “as soon as possible” in Article 200.
Concerns:
1. Judicial Overreach – Courts may be seen as rewriting constitutional provisions, going beyond interpretation.
2. Undermines Discretion – Restricts the Governor’s constitutional power to examine Bills in depth.
3. Practical Issues – Rigid deadlines could result in hasty rejections or avoidable litigation.
4. Weakens Separation of Powers – Judiciary’s imposition of timelines may erode balance among institutions.
5. Dyarchy Concerns – Risks creating friction if Governors mechanically reject Bills to avoid deadline breaches.
6. Balance of Powers –Excessive judicial intervention may weaken the doctrine of separation of powers.
The Supreme Court’s prescription of timelines for Governors is a corrective step to safeguard parliamentary democracy and collaborative federalism. While it curtails the misuse of the Governor’s office as a political tool, it must be harmonized with constitutional design to preserve both the autonomy of States and the neutrality of Governors.
| PYQ REFERENCE (2018) Q. Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine. |