{"id":4326,"date":"2026-10-26T05:46:30","date_gmt":"2026-10-26T05:46:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/?p=4326"},"modified":"2026-10-27T05:52:40","modified_gmt":"2026-10-27T05:52:40","slug":"northeast-monsoon-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/northeast-monsoon-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Northeast Monsoon"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<blockquote><p><b>SYLLABUS: Geography<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>General Studies \u2013 :\u00a0 I <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclones etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>IN NEWS:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Wicked surprise<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>QUESTION: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe northeast monsoon is characterised by greater unpredictability and significant regional variations in rainfall.\u201d Examine the factors responsible for this phenomenon and its implications for peninsular India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>ANSWER: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Northeast Monsoon (NEM)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, often referred to as the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">retreating monsoon<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, occurs between October and December. Unlike the Southwest Monsoon, which provides uniform and widespread precipitation across the majority of the subcontinent, the Northeast Monsoon exhibits <\/span><b>high spatiotemporal unpredictability and intense regional variations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Factors Responsible for Unpredictability and Regional Variations<\/b><\/h2>\n<h3><b>1. Reversal Mechanism &amp; Short Fetch over the Bay of Bengal<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Land-to-Sea Winds:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> NEM winds originate over the dry, continental high-pressure zones of Central Asia and Northern India. Because they blow from land to sea, they are inherently dry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Limited Moisture Source:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The winds pick up moisture <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">only<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during their short fetch across the Bay of Bengal. Any slight shift in the lower-tropospheric wind direction alters the moisture loading, making precipitation erratic.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>2. High Dependence on Tropical Cyclones &amp; Low-Pressure Systems<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pulse-Driven Rainfall:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Rather than steady continuous rainfall, a significant portion of NEM precipitation is driven by synoptic systems\u2014such as depressions, deep depressions, and tropical cyclones\u2014forming in the southern Bay of Bengal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Tracks &amp; Path Variability:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The trajectory of these low-pressure systems is highly variable. If a cyclone makes landfall in northern Tamil Nadu or southern Andhra Pradesh, it causes localized torrential rainfall, leaving surrounding regions dry.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>3. Topographic Controls &amp; Relief Variations<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rain-Shadow and Orographic Reversal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> As moisture-laden northeasterly winds approach the east coast, the Eastern Ghats and the topography of Tamil Nadu force the air to ascend, causing heavy rainfall along coastal strips.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Western Ghats Barrier:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Western Ghats block these winds from penetrating deep into the interior, creating sharp regional contrasts between coastal regions (e.g., Coastal Tamil Nadu) and interior rain-shadow areas (e.g., North Interior Karnataka and Telangana).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>4. Ocean-Atmosphere Drivers (ENSO &amp; IOD)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Unlike the Southwest Monsoon, where El Ni\u00f1o causes droughts, <\/span><b>El Ni\u00f1o generally enhances Northeast Monsoon rainfall<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, whereas <\/span><b>La Ni\u00f1a suppresses it<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A positive IOD phase reinforces low-pressure activity over the Bay of Bengal, whereas a negative phase reduces convective activity, inducing inter-annual volatility.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Implications for Peninsular India<\/b><\/h2>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Sector \/ Aspect<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Positive \/ Beneficial Impacts<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Negative \/ Critical Challenges<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Agriculture &amp; Cropping<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Primary water source for <\/span><b>Samba paddy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Tamil Nadu and <\/span><b>Rabi crops<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> across South India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Supports rain-fed pulses and oilseeds.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Delay or deficiency leads to severe crop failure.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Unseasonal or cyclonic downpours cause crop submergence and post-harvest damage.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Water Resources<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Replenishes reservoirs, traditional tanks (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eris<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), and aquifers in rain-deficient eastern peninsular belts.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Unpredictable spells make long-term reservoir management and municipal planning difficult.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Socio-Economic &amp; Infrastructure<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Vital for urban water security in major metros (e.g., Chennai).<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 High frequency of extreme localized rainfall events triggers <\/span><b>urban flooding<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (e.g., Chennai 2015, 2023) and coastal erosion.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Way Forward<\/b><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Precision Forecasting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Enhancing High-Resolution Weather Prediction Models (NWPs) and Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) networks along the eastern coast to accurately track localized low-pressure systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Climate-Resilient Agriculture:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Promoting flood- and drought-tolerant crop varieties alongside shifting sowing windows based on extended-range forecasts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Urban Drainage &amp; Wetland Restoration:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Restoring natural drainage channels and urban wetlands in coastal metropolises to manage sudden, high-intensity precipitation events.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<blockquote><p><b>PYQ REFERENCE UPSC 2017<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;How does the India Meteorological Department (IMD) classify the climate regions of India? Discuss the spatial variation in rainfall across different regions during the retreating monsoon period.&#8221;<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>SOURCE: <a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/210732\/OPS\/GBJGMCC50.1+GHUGN8Q29.1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hindu epaper &#8211; Wicked surprise<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SYLLABUS: Geography General Studies \u2013 :\u00a0 I Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclones etc., geographical features 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