{"id":4171,"date":"2026-09-30T04:33:03","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T04:33:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/?p=4171"},"modified":"2026-10-01T04:36:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T04:36:43","slug":"digital-surveillance-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/digital-surveillance-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Digital Surveillance"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<table style=\"font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>SYLLABUS: Governance<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>General Studies \u2013 : II <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><b>IN NEWS:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Surveillance is not the only privacy issue<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>QUESTION: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The proliferation of facial recognition, biometric databases and AI-enabled surveillance has created new challenges for the constitutional right to privacy. Discuss<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>ANSWER: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The deployment of Automated Facial Recognition Systems (AFRS), centralized biometric databases, and AI-enabled predictive policing has transformed law enforcement and welfare governance. However, this unchecked expansion poses severe constitutional challenges to the <\/span><b>Right to Privacy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, recognized as an intrinsic facet of the Right to Life under <\/span><b>Article 21<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><b><i>K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>I. Key Constitutional Challenges to Privacy<\/b><\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li><b> Threat to Informational Privacy &amp; Personal Autonomy<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Involuntary Data Harvesting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> AI systems collect unique, immutable biological markers (facial vectors, iris scans, gait analysis) without explicit individual consent or opt-out mechanisms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Function Creep:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Biometric records collected for welfare schemes or civil registration are frequently cross-linked with law enforcement databases without fresh statutory backing, eroding individual data agencies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b> Erosion of Spatial Privacy &amp; Violation of Fundamental Freedoms<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Elimination of Public Anonymity:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Real-time remote biometric identification destroys the expectation of spatial privacy in public squares, markets, and transit hubs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Chilling Effect on Fundamental Rights:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Mass tracking suppresses Article 19(1)(a) (Freedom of Speech) and Article 19(1)(b) (Peaceful Assembly), as citizens self-censor or avoid peaceful protests due to fear of automated profiling and state retaliation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><b> Algorithmic Inaccuracy &amp; Denial of Basic Entitlements<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Exclusion from Welfare:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Biometric authentication failures (due to manual labor wear, aging, or network latency) result in the denial of food rations, pensions, and healthcare, violating human dignity under Article 21.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Algorithmic Bias:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Skewed training datasets lead to higher False Positive Rates (FPR) for racial minorities, women, and marginalized communities, violating Article 14 (Equality) and Article 15 (Non-Discrimination).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><b> Inversion of Criminal Jurisprudence<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Predictive Profiling:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> AI surveillance utilizes historical crime data to label specific communities or geographic zones as &#8220;high risk.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Presumption of Guilt:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This shifts criminal law from the foundational principle of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">presumption of innocence<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to automated, algorithmic suspicion without procedural due process.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>II. Evaluation Against the Constitutional Test of Proportionality<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Puttaswamy (2017)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the Supreme Court laid down a <\/span><b>4-Pronged Proportionality Test<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that state intrusion into privacy must pass:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Legality (Absence of Law):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Most facial recognition deployments currently function through departmental guidelines, tenders, or executive orders rather than specific acts passed by Parliament.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Legitimate State Aim:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> While public order and crime prevention are legitimate state interests, routine mass surveillance in non-emergency situations oversteps this boundary.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Necessity:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The State must demonstrate that mass biometric tracking is the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">least restrictive method<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> available to achieve its objective.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Proportionality &amp; Safeguards:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Current systems lack statutory safeguards, independent oversight, data minimization standards, and defined data retention limits.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>III. Regulatory and Governance Gaps<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Broad State Exemptions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Frameworks like the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 grant broad exemptions to state agencies under generic grounds of &#8220;security of the State&#8221; and &#8220;public order,&#8221; diluting accountability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lack of Independent Surveillance Oversight:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India lacks an independent statutory authority or judicial warrant mechanism to authorize real-time biometric tracking before deployment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Absence of Algorithmic Impact Assessments:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Deployments proceed without mandatory prior human rights, algorithmic bias, or privacy impact audits.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>IV. Way Forward<\/b><\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dedicated Surveillance Legislation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Enact a comprehensive statutory framework for surveillance that sets strict boundaries, replacing executive discretion with parliamentary law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mandatory Judicial Authorization:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Require prior judicial warrants for targeted biometric monitoring and real-time remote facial recognition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Narrow Exemption Clauses:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Subject state exemptions under data protection laws to strict necessity, proportionality, and periodic review by an independent Data Protection Board.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Algorithmic Auditing &amp; Bias Testing:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Institute mandatory third-party technical audits for all AI models used in policing and social welfare to ensure transparency and accuracy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<blockquote>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>PYQ REFERENCE UPSC 2026<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;Right to privacy relating to self-identity is very dear to every human being and well protected under Article 21 of the Constitution.&#8221; Examine.<\/span><\/i> <b>(10 Marks, 150 Words)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><b>SOURCE: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/206790\/OPS\/G9DGJK2U7.1+GVAGJM7IP.1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>The Hindu e-paper &#8211; Surveillance is not the only privacy issue<br \/>\n<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SYLLABUS: Governance General Studies \u2013 : II Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out 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