{"id":3769,"date":"2026-06-20T03:46:59","date_gmt":"2026-06-20T03:46:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=3769"},"modified":"2026-06-20T03:48:00","modified_gmt":"2026-06-20T03:48:00","slug":"gender-equality-water-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/gender-equality-water-management\/","title":{"rendered":"Gender Equality &amp; Water Management"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff0000\"><strong>1. How do patriarchal norms contribute to the economic invisibility of women\u2019s labour in India? Analyse.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#fcecb6ed\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Syllabus: Indian Society<\/strong> <br><strong>General Studies \u2013 : I <\/strong>Role of women and women\u2019s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.&nbsp; <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IN NEWS:\u200bStep forward<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>economic invisibility of women&#8217;s labour<\/strong> refers to the systemic non-recognition, non-measurement, and non-valuation of women\u2019s work in national accounting frameworks like Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In India, structural patriarchal norms dictate a rigid gendered division of labour, transforming women&#8217;s substantial economic contributions into unrecognized &#8220;domestic duties.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\">According to the <strong>Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Annual Report (2025)<\/strong>, the Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) stands at <strong>40.0%<\/strong> compared to <strong>79.1%<\/strong> for males, highlighting the statistical omission of millions of working women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-5\"><strong>Mechanisms: Patriarchal Norms and Economic Invisibility<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\"><a><\/a><strong>1. The Direct Identification of &#8220;Women&#8221; with &#8220;Domesticity&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\">Patriarchy naturalizes the role of women as primary caregivers and homemakers. The <strong>National Time Use Survey (2024)<\/strong> highlights that women (aged 15\u201359) spend an average of <strong>305 minutes per day on unpaid domestic and care work<\/strong>, while men spend less than one-fifth of that time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\">Because classical economics defines &#8220;work&#8221; exclusively through market transactions, this massive volume of reproductive labour\u2014which reproduces and sustains the primary workforce\u2014remains outside the production boundary of the System of National Accounts (SNA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Economic Value:<\/strong> Government estimates indicate that the economic value of women\u2019s unpaid domestic work is equivalent to <strong>15% to 17% of India&#8217;s GDP<\/strong>, yet it remains unaccounted for.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. The Statistical Omission of Extended SNA Activities<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\">In rural economies, patriarchal structures bind women to family-centric subsistence activities. Women engage heavily in &#8220;Extended SNA&#8221; activities\u2014such as fetching firewood, collecting water, kitchen gardening, and post-harvest processing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-12\">\n<li>Patriarchy labels these tasks as extension of domestic chores rather than economic production.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consequently, women are categorized under PLFS codes as <em>\u201cattended domestic duties only\u201d<\/em>, rendering their contribution to the rural supply chain invisible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-13 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Culturally Enforced &#8220;Unpaid Family Helpers&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-14 wp-block-paragraph\">Within household enterprises and agrarian setups, patriarchal authority places the male head as the economic face of the unit. Women work extensively on family farms or in home-based micro-enterprises (e.g., weaving, rolling bidis).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-15\">\n<li>The <strong>PLFS 2025<\/strong> reveals that <strong>64.2% of working women are self-employed<\/strong>, a category heavily dominated by <em>unpaid family helpers<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They generate tangible market output, but because they do not receive a direct independent cash wage, their work is subsumed under the male head&#8217;s income.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. The Stigma of &#8220;Working Out&#8221; and the &#8220;U-Shaped Curve&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\">Socio-cultural norms tie familial status and caste purity to the confinement of women within the home. As household incomes rise, women are often withdrawn from paid work to signal upward social mobility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-18\">\n<li>This patriarchal &#8220;income effect&#8221; forces women into the domestic sphere.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When they do work out of absolute economic distress, it is often restricted to local, informal, and seasonal avenues that escape administrative documentation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Institutionalized Gender Wage Gaps and Glass Ceilings<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\">When women break into the paid labour market, patriarchal biases devalue their skills as &#8220;monotonous&#8221; or &#8220;secondary.&#8221; This manifests as a persistent gender wage gap. The structural perception of the male as the primary &#8220;breadwinner&#8221; and the woman as a &#8220;supplementary earner&#8221; justifies lower wages and traps women in informal, contractual roles lacking social security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\"><a><\/a><strong>Government Initiatives and Policy Interventions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Policy\/Scheme<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Core Objective &amp; Impact Mechanism<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>PM Ujjwala Yojana<\/strong><\/td><td>Reduces &#8220;time poverty&#8221; by providing clean cooking gas, freeing women from hours spent collecting firewood, allowing time for paid avenues.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Jal Jeevan Mission<\/strong><\/td><td>Aims for tap water connections to all rural households; directly reduces the unpaid physical labour of fetching water.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act<\/strong><\/td><td>Mandates 26 weeks of paid maternity leave and cr\u00e8che facilities in establishments with 50+ employees to curb the motherhood wage penalty.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Palna Scheme (National Cr\u00e8che Scheme)<\/strong><\/td><td>Provides day-care facilities for children of working mothers, addressing the childcare bottleneck that keeps <strong>44.4% of capable females<\/strong> out of the workforce (PLFS 2025).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-NRLM<\/strong><\/td><td>Formalizes women&#8217;s micro-enterprises through Self-Help Groups (SHGs), moving them from invisible family helpers to financially documented entrepreneurs.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Way Forward<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-23\">\n<li><strong>Time-Use Integration:<\/strong> Incorporate regular Time Use Surveys into national accounting to assign a satellite GDP valuation to unpaid care work.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gender Budgeting:<\/strong> Deepen gender-responsive budgeting across all ministries, focusing on public infrastructure that reduces domestic drastic workloads (e.g., decentralized childcare units).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Formalizing Care Economy:<\/strong> Transform care work into a formalized sector by ensuring minimum wages, social security, and professional training for domestic workers, Anganwadi workers, and ASHAs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Structural De-stigmatization:<\/strong> Run targeted social campaigns to redefine caregiving as a gender-neutral responsibility, eroding the rigid patriarchal scripts that constrain female economic agency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#fcecb6ed\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE UPSC 2021<\/strong> <br>Q. &#8220;Explore and evaluate the impact of &#8216;Paid Work&#8217; on women&#8217;s empowerment in India.&#8221; (15 Marks, 250 Words)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#3300ff\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/189912\/OPS\/GL7G3I84C.1+GE8G4L24V.1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/189912\/OPS\/GL7G3I84C.1+GE8G4L24V.1.html<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff0000d9\"><strong>2. Climate change has transformed water management from a developmental concern into a resilience imperative. Discuss.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#7aff7882\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Syllabus: Water Management<\/strong> <br><strong>General Studies \u2013 : I <\/strong>Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian subcontinent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).&nbsp; <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IN NEWS:<\/strong> Water security is central for a Viksit Bharat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\">The intersection of climate change and hydrological cycles has fundamentally altered the paradigm of water management. Historically treated as a linear <strong>developmental concern<\/strong>\u2014focused primarily on engineering supply-side expansion, canal network scaling, and provisioning for economic growth\u2014water has fast become the principal medium through which climate shocks destabilize societies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\">Today, compounding risks like erratic monsoons, rapid glacial retreat, and localized water scarcity have elevated water governance into an existential <strong>resilience imperative<\/strong>. This shift demands a pivot from building static infrastructure to engineering dynamic, shock-absorbing, and ecologically secure water systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Paradigm Shift: From Developmental Focus to Resilience Imperative<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\"><a><\/a><strong>Breakdown of Hydrological Stationarity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-31\">\n<li><strong>Developmental View:<\/strong> Infrastructure projects were built assuming that historical data on rainfall, river flow, and seasonal baselines would hold true for future planning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Resilience Imperative:<\/strong> Climate change has altered atmospheric dynamics, making past weather trends unreliable indicators. According to the <strong>Central Water Commission (CWC)<\/strong>, river basins are experiencing drastically altered lean-season flows. Infrastructure must now be designed with built-in flexibility to handle severe weather events, such as unprecedented cloudbursts or multi-year droughts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Extreme Hydro-Meteorological Events<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-33\">\n<li><strong>Developmental View:<\/strong> Handled dry spells and floods as temporary seasonal anomalies using isolated flood embankments or local relief funds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Resilience Imperative:<\/strong> Disasters are now more frequent and compound one another. Indian states regularly face severe summer heatwaves followed immediately by destructive, intense cloudbursts. This pattern creates a continuous cycle of flash floods and prolonged urban water stress that demands adaptive regional storage and drainage solutions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Strategic Depletion of Natural Sub-surface Buffers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-35\">\n<li><strong>Developmental View:<\/strong> Groundwater was treated as an extractable resource to achieve agricultural self-sufficiency and drive the Green Revolution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Resilience Imperative:<\/strong> Rising temperatures increase evapotranspiration rates, raising irrigation needs and driving over-extraction. The <strong>Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) Report (2025)<\/strong> reveals that while policy efforts have pushed safe assessment units to 73.14%, critical groundwater stress persists in economic hubs, with Punjab extracting <strong>156.36%<\/strong> and Rajasthan <strong>147.11%<\/strong> of their annual recharges. Groundwater must now be treated as a strategic climate insurance reserve, requiring managed artificial recharge.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-36 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Salinity Intrusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-37\">\n<li><strong>Developmental View:<\/strong> Maximized coastal reclamation for aquaculture, ports, and localized irrigation canals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Resilience Imperative:<\/strong> Rising sea levels push saltwater deep into critical coastal aquifers and fertile river deltas like the Sundarbans and the Krishna-Godavari basin. The <strong>CGWB Groundwater Quality Report<\/strong> flags rising salinity and chemical concentrations in coastal aquifers due to this ocean-ward pressure, turning coastal water management into an exercise of protecting freshwater tables from permanent contamination.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-38 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Institutional and Policy Frameworks in India<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-39 wp-block-paragraph\">The government has adapted its policy framework to move away from top-down supply engineering toward decentralized climate adaptation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-40\">\n<li><strong>National Water Mission (under NAPCC):<\/strong> Tasked with mapping climate-vulnerable basins and systematically increasing water-use efficiency by <strong>20%<\/strong> through structural water audits.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jal Shakti Abhiyan (Catch the Rain):<\/strong> Focuses on decentralized water conservation across rural and urban districts, using local asset creation to harvest rainwater before monsoon patterns shift.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Atal Bhujal Yojana:<\/strong> A community-led, incentive-based program targeting groundwater resilience across water-stressed blocks. Notably, under the <strong>National Initiative on Water Security<\/strong>, the framework mandates allocating at least <strong>65% of <\/strong><strong>MGNREGS funds<\/strong> toward water conservation in over-exploited and critical blocks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mission Amrit Sarovar:<\/strong> A policy targeting localized ecological shock absorption. Nearly <strong>69,000 Amrit Sarovars (rejuvenated\/constructed water bodies)<\/strong> have been established across various districts to capture excess surface runoff and stabilize micro-climates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Comprehensive Strategy for a Water-Resilient India<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-42 wp-block-paragraph\"><a><\/a><strong>A. Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) and Green Infrastructure<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\">Moving beyond a complete reliance on gray infrastructure (concrete dams and embankments). Incorporating green design elements\u2014such as reviving urban wetlands, establishing floodplain forests, and enforcing <strong>Sponge City guidelines<\/strong>\u2014allows urban layouts to naturally absorb, filter, and store floodwaters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B. Circular Water Economy and Urban Closed-Loops<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\">Urban clusters must transition away from linear water consumption models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Targeted Strategy:<\/strong> Enforcing mandatory municipal wastewater recycling. Diverting treated industrial-grade effluents to manufacturing and power generation units preserves pristine, climate-vulnerable surface freshwaters exclusively for drinking and domestic use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-47 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>C. Demand-Side Rationalization in Agriculture<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\">Since agriculture consumes roughly <strong>87% of India&#8217;s extracted groundwater<\/strong> (CGWB data), resilience is unachievable without modifying cropping patterns. This requires moving away from flood irrigation toward micro-irrigation systems (drip and sprinkler networks) and adjusting minimum support price (MSP) structures to favor water-thrifty millets and pulses over water-guzzling crops in semi-arid zones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49 wp-block-paragraph\"><a><\/a><strong>D. Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50 wp-block-paragraph\">Managing water resources based on natural hydrological boundaries rather than political or state borders. Deploying automated telemetry networks, satellite-tracked soil moisture indexes, and shared early-warning protocols minimizes the risk of man-made, dam-release flood disasters during erratic rainfall events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-51 wp-block-paragraph\">In an era of accelerating climate disruption, water management can no longer be treated as a checklist of developmental targets. Secure and resilient water systems form the foundation of national food, energy, and economic stability. By combining community-driven water conservation with technology-led demand management, India can transition from a position of systemic vulnerability to one of climate resilience, securing its development against the environmental uncertainties of tomorrow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#7aff7882\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE UPSC 2020<\/strong> <br>Q. &#8220;What are the salient features of the National Water Mission? To what extent has it been efficient in making water storage and irrigation systems climate-resilient in India?&#8221;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#5500fff5\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/189912\/OPS\/GL7G3I84D.1+GDGG4LNPT.1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/189912\/OPS\/GL7G3I84D.1+GDGG4LNPT.1.html<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How do patriarchal norms contribute to the economic invisibility of women\u2019s labour in India? Analyse. Syllabus: Indian Society General [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3770,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[68,39,159,165,41,12,164,166],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3769","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-current-affairs","category-daws","category-distribution-of-key-natural-resources","category-distribution-of-key-natural-resources-across-the-world","category-gs-1","category-mains","category-role-of-women-and-womens-organization","category-water-management"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3769","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3769"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3769\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3772,"href":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3769\/revisions\/3772"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3770"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3769"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3769"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3769"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}