{"id":3745,"date":"2026-06-11T15:12:37","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T15:12:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=3745"},"modified":"2026-06-11T15:13:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-11T15:13:17","slug":"negotiated-federalism-resilient-india-2047","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/negotiated-federalism-resilient-india-2047\/","title":{"rendered":"Negotiated Federalism &amp; Resilient India 2047"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff0000\"><strong>1. \u201cThe future of higher education governance in India lies not in centralisation or decentralisation, but in negotiated federalism.\u201d Discuss in the context of recent reforms in the higher education sector. (15 Marks, 250 Words)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#faecc8d6\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Syllabus: Polity &amp; Social Justice<\/strong> <br><strong>General Studies \u2013 II Functions and Responsibilities of the Union and the States, Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure, Devolution of Powers and Finances up to Local Levels, and Challenges Therein.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IN NEWS:<\/strong> <strong>Negotiating federalism in higher education<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#a4fcffb3\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Approach:<\/strong> <br><strong>Higher Education &amp; Negotiated Federalism<\/strong> <br><strong>Replace Basic Terms<\/strong> <br>Centre control \u2014 Regulatory Centralisation<br>State Opposition \u2014 Sub-national Assertion of Educational Autonomy<br>Centre-State Conflict \u2014 Intergovernmental Contestation<br>Different state responses \u2014 Asymmetrical Federal Adaptation<br>UGC control \u2014 Regulatory Harmonisation <br><br><strong>Core Nuance<\/strong> <br>Not Centralisation vs Decentralisation<br>Standardisation vs Contextualisation<br>Centre: mobility, common standards, global competitiveness<br>States: language, regional priorities, local relevance<br>Line: <em>The debate is about balancing national standards with regional diversity.<\/em> <br><br><strong>Dimensions to Cover<\/strong> <br>Policy Federalism: NEP 2020<br>Fiscal Federalism: ANRF, Institutions of Eminence<br>Digital Federalism: Academic Bank of Credits, National Digital University<br>Institutional Federalism: VC appointments, Governor-State disputes <br><br><strong>NEP 2020<\/strong> <br>Nationally Integrated Higher Education Ecosystem<br>Multidisciplinary universities<br>Credit portabilityInstitutional restructuring<br>Internationalisation <br><br><strong>State Resistance<\/strong> <br>Assertion of Regional Constitutional Identity<br>Linguistic concernsSocial justice models<br>Educational autonomy <br><br><strong>Value-Added Keywords<\/strong> <br>Negotiated Federalism<br>Cooperative Federalism<br>Multi-level Governance<br>Collaborative Governance<br>Shared Rule and Self Rule <br><br><strong>Internationalisation<\/strong><br>Co-produced Federal Governance<br>Centre: Regulatory frameworkStates: Land, infrastructure, approvals <br><br><strong>Way Forward<\/strong> <br>Institutionalised Educational Federalism<br>Structured Centre-State consultations<br>Co-design of reformsFlexible implementation frameworks<br>Greater State representation in regulatory bodies<br>Outcome-based funding <br><br><strong>Conclusion Line:<\/strong> <em>The future of higher education lies not in centralisation or decentralisation, but in negotiated federalism that reconciles national excellence with regional autonomy.<\/em> <br><br><strong>Must-Remember Keywords<\/strong> <br>Standardisation vs Contextualisation<br>Regulatory Centralisation<br>Asymmetrical Federal Adaptation<br>Digital Federalism<br>Nationally Integrated Higher Education Ecosystem<br>Institutionalised Educational Federalism<br>Assertion of Regional Constitutional Identity<br>Co-produced Federal Governance<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">Higher education in India is a Concurrent List subject, requiring both the Union and States to share responsibility. Recent reforms such as the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, Academic Bank of Credits, and internationalisation initiatives have intensified debates over autonomy and authority. Consequently, higher education governance is increasingly shaped by negotiated federalism, where neither complete centralisation nor decentralisation is feasible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Why has centralisation increased:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-5\">\n<li>NEP 2020 proposes uniform reforms such as four-year undergraduate programmes, multidisciplinary universities, and credit transfer systems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>National bodies such as the UGC<\/strong> and accreditation agencies exercise significant regulatory influence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Funding mechanisms like the Institutions of Eminence initiative and research grants under the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) <strong>incentivise compliance with national priorities.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Digital platforms such as the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) facilitate<strong> nationwide standardisation <\/strong>and monitoring.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Why States Resist Complete Centralisation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-7\">\n<li>States possess distinct linguistic, cultural, and educational priorities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tamil Nadu&#8217;s opposition to the three-language formula under NEP reflects concerns over regional identity and autonomy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Disputes regarding Vice-Chancellor appointments and the role of Governors in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and West Bengal highlight tensions over institutional control.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>States seek flexibility in curriculum design, recruitment, and governance structures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Emergence of Negotiated Federalism:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-9\">\n<li>Many States have selectively adopted NEP provisions while modifying them according to local needs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>States collaborate with the Centre in areas such as skill development, digital learning, and research while retaining policy discretion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Internationalisation efforts, including foreign university campuses, require both central regulatory approval and State-level facilitation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This reflects cooperative and adaptive federalism, rather than outright confrontation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong> The future of higher education governance lies in negotiated federalism, where national standards coexist with regional diversity. As articulated in the Constituent Assembly debates, India&#8217;s federal structure was deliberately designed to be flexible enough to accommodate varying local realities while preserving national cohesion. A collaborative Centre-State partnership is therefore essential for creating a globally competitive yet locally responsive higher education ecosystem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Negotiated federalism transforms higher education from a battleground of powers into a partnership for nation-building.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#faecc8d6\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE UPSC 2022<\/strong> <br>Q. <em>&#8221; <\/em>Examine the evolving pattern of Centre-State financial relations in the context of planned development in India. How far have the recent reforms impacted the fiscal federalism in India?<em> &#8221; (15 Marks, 250 Words)<\/em> \u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0a06fff0\"><strong>SOURCE:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/188778\/OPS\/G8UG2HHER.1+G6LG3LUNC.1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/188778\/OPS\/G8UG2HHER.1+G6LG3LUNC.1.html<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-13 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff0000\"><a><\/a><strong>2. \u201cIndia&#8217;s disaster management framework is shifting from a relief-centric approach to a resilience-centric approach.\u201d Examine in the context of the NDMA&#8217;s vision of \u2018Resilient India 2047\u2019. (15 Marks, 250 Words)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#b3f2cedb\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Syllabus: Disaster Management<\/strong> <br><strong>General Studies \u2013 III Disaster and Disaster Management.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-14 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IN NEWS:<\/strong> <strong>NDMA rolls out push for \u2018Resilient India 2047\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#a4fcffb3\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Approach<\/strong> <strong>Core Theme<\/strong> <br>Relief-Centric Governance to Resilience-Centric Governance<br>Reactive Response to Proactive Risk Governance<br>Disaster Management to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) <br><br><strong>Key Dimensions<\/strong> <br>Institutional Resilience: NDMA, NDRF, NIDM, Ministry Disaster Management Plans<br>Hydro-meteorological Resilience: NCRMP, FMBAP, Early Warning Systems<br>Geological Resilience: NSRMP, Landslide Mitigation<br>Climate Resilience: Heat Action Plans, CDRI<br>Community Resilience: Aapda Mitra, Mock Drills<br>Technological Resilience: GIS, Remote Sensing, Tsunami Early Warning Centre <br><br><strong>NDMA&#8217;s New Role<\/strong> <br>National Resilience Coordinator<br>Hazard-Specific Planning<br>Mainstreaming DRR into Development Planning <br><br><strong>Challenges<\/strong> <br>Weak local capacities<br>Climate-induced extreme events<br>Urban vulnerabilities<br>Implementation gaps<br><br><strong>Way Forward<\/strong> <br>Risk-Informed Development<br>Institutionalised Ministry Disaster Management Plans<br>Strengthened SDMAs and DDMAsClimate-Resilient Infrastructure<br>Whole-of-Government ApproachWhole-of-Society Approach <br><br><strong>Keywords<\/strong> <br>Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)<br>Anticipatory Governance<br>Multi-Hazard Preparedness<br>Risk-Informed Development<br>Climate Resilience<br>Build Back BetterInstitutional Resilience<br>Resilient India 2047 <br><br><strong>Introduction Line<\/strong><br><em>India is shifting from post-disaster relief and compensation to pre-disaster preparedness, mitigation and resilience building.<\/em> <br><br><strong>Conclusion Line<\/strong> <br><em>The success of Resilient India 2047 lies not in managing disasters better, but in reducing vulnerabilities before disasters occur.<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\">India&#8217;s disaster governance has historically prioritised post-disaster relief, rescue, rehabilitation and compensation. However, increasing climate-induced disasters, rapid urbanisation, ecological degradation and infrastructure vulnerability have necessitated a paradigm shift towards resilience-centric disaster governance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\">The recent initiative of the National Disaster Management Authority to develop hazard-specific plans and Ministry Disaster Management Plans under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, embodies the vision of <strong>&#8216;Resilient India 2047&#8217;<\/strong>, aligned with Viksit Bharat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17\"><a><\/a>Shift from Relief-Centric to Resilience-Centric Approach<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Relief-Centric Approach<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Resilience-Centric Approach<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Focus on post-disaster relief and compensation<\/td><td>Focus on prevention, mitigation and preparedness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reactive governance<\/td><td>Anticipatory governance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Disaster response-oriented<\/td><td>Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)-oriented<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sector-specific interventions<\/td><td>Whole-of-Government approach<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recovery after losses<\/td><td>Building adaptive capacity before disasters<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-18 wp-block-paragraph\">The emphasis has shifted from merely <strong>managing disasters<\/strong> to <strong>managing disaster risks<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How India is Building Disaster Resilience:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Institutional Resilience<\/strong> The NDMA, established under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, has moved beyond emergency response to risk governance through:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-21\">\n<li>National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hazard-specific disaster management frameworks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Disaster Management Plans under Sections 35 and 37.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strengthening coordination among NDRF, SDRF, SDMAs and DDMAs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Capacity building through the National Institute of Disaster Management.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\">This reflects a Whole-of-Government approach where disaster resilience is integrated into all ministries and sectors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Hydro-Meteorological Resilience<\/strong> India faces recurrent cyclones, floods and storm surges. Key initiatives include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-24\">\n<li>National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) for cyclone shelters, evacuation routes and coastal preparedness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flood Management and Border Areas Programme (FMBAP) for flood control and anti-erosion measures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advanced forecasting by IMD and the Central Water Commission.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Expansion of impact-based early warning systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\">The reduction in cyclone-related mortality over the years demonstrates the success of preparedness-based governance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Geological Resilience<\/strong> India is highly vulnerable to earthquakes and landslides. Measures include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-27\">\n<li>National Seismic Risk Mitigation Programme (NSRMP).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Seismic zoning and earthquake-resistant building codes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Landslide hazard zonation and slope stabilisation measures in the Himalayan and Western Ghats regions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Urban disaster risk assessments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Climate Resilience<\/strong> Climate change has intensified heatwaves, extreme rainfall and droughts. India has responded through:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-29\">\n<li>Heat Action Plans in vulnerable cities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Climate-resilient infrastructure initiatives.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Integration of disaster resilience into adaptation strategies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nature-based solutions, such as mangrove restoration and watershed management.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\">The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) further strengthens resilience against climate-related disasters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-31 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Community Resilience<\/strong> Disaster resilience ultimately depends on local communities. Initiatives include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-32\">\n<li>Aapda Mitra Scheme for training community volunteers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>School and community preparedness programmes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mock drills and awareness campaigns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inclusion of local bodies in disaster planning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-33 wp-block-paragraph\">This reflects a Whole-of-Society approach, making citizens active participants in risk reduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Technological Resilience<\/strong> Technology is increasingly central to disaster preparedness. Examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-35\">\n<li>Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GIS-based risk mapping.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Satellite monitoring and remote sensing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Disaster alerts through digital platforms and mobile applications.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI-enabled forecasting and impact assessment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-36 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Challenges:<\/strong> Despite progress, several challenges remain:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-37\">\n<li>Weak disaster management capacities in local bodies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unplanned urbanisation is increasing vulnerability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Funding constraints for mitigation projects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fragmented implementation across States.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Increasing frequency and intensity of climate-induced disasters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-38 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Way Forward:<\/strong> To realise the vision of Resilient India 2047, India must:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-39\">\n<li>Mainstream Disaster Risk Reduction into all development planning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Institutionalise the Ministry Disaster Management Plans across sectors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strengthen SDMAs and DDMAs through financial and technical support.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Integrate resilience into PM Gati Shakti and infrastructure projects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Expand early warning systems and last-mile connectivity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promote climate-resilient and nature-based solutions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Foster greater community participation and local preparedness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-40 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong> The NDMA&#8217;s vision of Resilient India 2047 marks a fundamental shift from a compensation-oriented disaster framework to a resilience-oriented development paradigm. In line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and its principle of &#8220;Build Back Better&#8221;, India is moving from reactive disaster response to proactive risk governance. The ultimate success of disaster management will depend not on how effectively the nation responds to disasters, but on how successfully it reduces vulnerabilities before disasters occur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>As India advances towards Viksit Bharat 2047, resilience must become a foundational principle of governance, development and nation-building.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#b3f2cedb\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE UPSC 2020<\/strong> <br><em>Q. &#8220;1. What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030). \u201c<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-42 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0a06fff0\"><strong>SOURCE:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/188778\/OPS\/G8UG2HHEN.1+GJCG3M6LP.1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/188778\/OPS\/G8UG2HHEN.1+GJCG3M6LP.1.html<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cThe future of higher education governance in India lies not in centralisation or decentralisation, but in negotiated federalism.\u201d Discuss 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