{"id":2513,"date":"2025-10-06T13:08:03","date_gmt":"2025-10-06T13:08:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2513"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:51:23","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:51:23","slug":"daily-current-affairs-06-10-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-06-10-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Daily Current Affairs \u2013 06-10-2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Cryobanking, recently in the news, refers to:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) The preservation of biological materials at ultra-low temperatures to halt metabolic activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) The cultivation of marine organisms in cryogenic chambers for research purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) A method of desalinating seawater through freezing and thawing cycles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) The extraction of minerals from permafrost deposits using low-temperature techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) The preservation of biological materials at ultra-low temperatures to halt metabolic activity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Philippines pioneers coral larvae cryobank to protect threatened reefs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"273\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2515\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-10.jpg 600w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-10-300x137.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-9\">\n<li>The <strong>Philippines<\/strong> has established the <strong>world\u2019s first Coral Larvae Cryobank<\/strong> \u2014 a facility to <strong>freeze and preserve coral larvae<\/strong> to protect marine biodiversity and aid reef restoration.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Set up by the <strong>University of the Philippines\u2019 Marine Science Institute (UP MSI)<\/strong> at the <strong>Bolinao Marine Laboratory<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Part of a regional collaboration within the <strong>Coral Triangle Initiative<\/strong>, covering six nations: <em>Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cryobanking:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-11\">\n<li><strong>Cryobanking<\/strong> : Preservation of living cells or tissues at <strong>ultra-low temperatures (\u2013196\u00b0C)<\/strong> using <strong>liquid nitrogen<\/strong>, halting all biological activity. <strong>Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Used widely in conserving <strong>seeds, animal gametes, and genetic material<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In this context, it involves <strong>freezing coral larvae or gametes<\/strong> to preserve <strong>genetic diversity<\/strong> for future reef restoration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Coral Larvae:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-13\">\n<li>Coral larvae are early life stages that can settle and grow into coral colonies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Storing larvae ensures <strong>genetic diversity<\/strong> and provides a <strong>backup population<\/strong> against coral reef loss.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Focus on <strong>Pocilloporid corals<\/strong> (fast-growing \u201cweedy\u201d species) \u2014 ideal for restoration due to quick recovery and reproduction rates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-14 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Biodiversity Conservation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-16\">\n<li>Coral reefs support <strong>25% of all marine species<\/strong> despite covering &lt;1% of ocean floor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acts as a <strong>\u201cgenetic insurance policy\u201d<\/strong> for reefs threatened by bleaching, ocean acidification, and pollution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Climate Change Mitigation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-18\">\n<li>Helps restore <strong>carbon-sequestering ecosystems<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintains <strong>coastal protection<\/strong>, reducing erosion and storm damage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Scientific Innovation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-20\">\n<li>Pioneers <strong>marine cryopreservation technology<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Builds <strong>regional research collaboration<\/strong> and skill-sharing in the Coral Triangle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Supports SDGs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-22\">\n<li>Aligns with <strong>SDG 13 (Climate Action)<\/strong>, <strong>SDG 14 (Life Below Water)<\/strong>, and <strong>SDG 15 (Life on Land)<\/strong> indirectly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2020)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Which of the following statements best describes the term \u2018Social Cost of Carbon\u2019?<\/strong> <strong>It is a measure, in monetary value, of the<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emissions in a given year.<\/strong> <br>(b) requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels. <br>(c) efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place. <br>(d) contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/energy-and-environment\/philippines-pioneers-coral-larvae-cryobank-to-protect-threatened-reefs\/article70127637.ece#:~:text=The%20facility%20will%20freeze%20and,that%20might%20otherwise%20be%20lost\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/energy-and-environment\/philippines-pioneers-coral-larvae-cryobank-to-protect-threatened-reefs\/article70127637.ece#:~:text=The%20facility%20will%20freeze%20and,that%20might%20otherwise%20be%20lost<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. With reference to stablecoins, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\">1. They are cryptocurrencies pegged to stable assets like fiat currencies or commodities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\">2. They are issued only by central banks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\">3. India has recognized stablecoins as legal tender.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-31 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-33 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) 1 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-35 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Nations must prepare to deal with stablecoins: Sitharaman<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-36 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cryptocurrency Policy &amp; Stablecoins:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-37\">\n<li>At the <strong>Kautilya Economic Conclave (Oct 2025)<\/strong>, Finance Minister <strong>Nirmala Sitharaman<\/strong> stated that nations must <em>\u201cprepare to engage\u201d<\/em> with <strong>stablecoins<\/strong>, signalling a possible policy shift in India\u2019s stance toward cryptocurrencies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comes amid <strong>RBI\u2019s opposition<\/strong> to private cryptocurrencies and <strong>India\u2019s cautious approach<\/strong>\u2014taxing crypto transactions but not legalising them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-38 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cryptocurrency \/ Virtual Digital Asset (VDA)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-39 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-40 wp-block-paragraph\">A digital asset using cryptography and a decentralised blockchain network for transactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Status in India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-42\">\n<li><strong>Not legal tender<\/strong>, but <strong>taxed at 30%<\/strong> on gains (as per Union Budget 2022).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1% TDS<\/strong> applicable on transactions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No regulatory framework yet \u2014 neither banned nor recognised.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Stablecoins<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Definition:<\/strong> Cryptocurrencies pegged to a stable asset (like the US dollar, Euro, gold, or a currency basket) to <strong>minimise volatility<\/strong>. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong> USDT (Tether), USDC, DAI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\">They can be issued by private entities, not only central banks. <strong>Hence statement 2 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-47 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Purpose:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\">Provide the advantages of crypto (fast, borderless transactions) without large price fluctuations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Concern:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50 wp-block-paragraph\">Even if stable, they can challenge <strong>monetary sovereignty<\/strong>, <strong>capital controls<\/strong>, and <strong>financial stability<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-51 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Legal Tender:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52 wp-block-paragraph\">India has <strong>not recognized<\/strong> stablecoins as legal tender. <strong>Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-53 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-54\">\n<li><strong>Issued by:<\/strong> Central Bank (in India \u2014 the <strong>RBI<\/strong>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Legal Tender:<\/strong> Yes, equivalent to physical cash.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Objective:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-56 wp-block-paragraph\">To offer a sovereign digital alternative to private cryptocurrencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-57 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>RBI\u2019s Pilot Projects:<\/strong> e\u20b9-Retail and e\u20b9-Wholesale launched in <strong>2022<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2023)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. With reference to Central Bank digital currencies, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. It is possible to make payments in a digital currency without using the US dollar or SWIFT system. <br>2. A digital currency can be distributed with conditions programmed into it such as a time-frame for spending it. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 only <br><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2<\/strong> <br>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-58 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/Economy\/union-finance-minister-nirmala-sitharaman-at-kautilya-economic-conclave-2025\/article70120196.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/Economy\/union-finance-minister-nirmala-sitharaman-at-kautilya-economic-conclave-2025\/article70120196.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-59 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. With reference to Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), which of the following statements is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It is an extended component of Soil Health Management (SHM) under the Central Sector Scheme (CSS) of National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-61 wp-block-paragraph\">2. PKVY aims at supporting and promoting organic farming, in turn resulting in improvement of soil health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-62 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-63 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-64 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-65 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-66 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-67 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) 2 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-70\">\n<li>As on 30.01.2025, <strong>\u20b92,265.86 crore<\/strong> released under PKVY (2015\u201325).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u20b9205.46 crore<\/strong> released for PKVY under RKVY in FY 2024\u201325.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Around <strong>15 lakh hectares<\/strong> under organic farming; <strong>52,289 clusters<\/strong> formed; <strong>25.30 lakh<\/strong> farmers benefitted (as of Feb 2025).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>By Dec 2024, <strong>6.23 lakh farmers<\/strong>, <strong>19,016 local groups<\/strong>, <strong>89 input suppliers<\/strong>, and <strong>8,676 buyers<\/strong> registered on Jaivik Kheti portal<strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-71 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-72\">\n<li>The Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), launched in <strong>2015<\/strong>, is an extended component of Soil Health Management (SHM) under the <strong>Centrally Sponsored Scheme<\/strong> (CSS), National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). <strong>Hence pair 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PKVY aims at supporting and promoting <strong>organic farming<\/strong>, in turn resulting in improvement of soil health. <strong>Hence pair 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Includes Cluster-Based Organic Farming:<ul><li>Farmers organized into 20-hectare clusters<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Encourages collective training, resource sharing, and uniform organic standards<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promotes low-cost, chemical-free farming methods<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-73 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-74\">\n<li>Improve soil health and natural resource conservation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduce use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide safe food, increase farmer income<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Support certification, branding, marketing, and entrepreneurship<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-75 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Implementation Structure<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-76\">\n<li>Farmers apply through Regional Councils<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Councils prepare Annual Action Plans (AAPs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Funds flow from Centre \u2192 State \u2192 Councils \u2192 Farmers (via DBT)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensures transparency and farmer empowerment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-77 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Organic Certification Systems<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-78\">\n<li>Third-Party Certification (NPOP) \u2013 For international markets, by accredited agencies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Participatory Guarantee System (PGS-India) \u2013 Community-based, for domestic market<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Large Area Certification (LAC) \u2013 For chemical-free regions, speeds up certification<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2018)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment. <br>2. It, among other things will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy. <br>3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 3 only <br>(b) 2 only <br><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only<\/strong> <br>(d) 1, 2, and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-79 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2175205\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2175205<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-80 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Which one of the following is the best description of \u2018INS Androth\u2019, that was in the news recently?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-81 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) A nuclear-powered submarine designed for long-range strategic deterrence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-82 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) An indigenously built Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft of the Indian Navy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-83 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) A guided-missile destroyer equipped with advanced radar systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) A new offshore patrol vessel for the Indian Coast Guard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-85 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) An indigenously built Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft of the Indian Navy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-86 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-87 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Indian Navy to commission INS Androth on October 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-88 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>INS Androth:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-89\">\n<li><strong>INS Androth<\/strong> is the <strong>second ship<\/strong> of the <strong>Arnala-class Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC)<\/strong> being built for the Indian Navy. <strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has been <strong>constructed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata<\/strong> under the \u201cMake in India\u201d initiative.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ship is named after <strong>Androth Island<\/strong>, one of the islands in the <strong>Lakshadweep archipelago<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>INS Androth is designed for <strong>anti-submarine operations in shallow waters<\/strong>, <strong>coastal surveillance<\/strong>, and <strong>mine-laying<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is equipped with <strong>indigenous rocket launchers, torpedoes, and advanced sonar systems<\/strong> for submarine detection and engagement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The vessel features <strong>diesel engines with water-jet propulsion<\/strong>, providing a <strong>maximum speed of around 25 knots<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has a <strong>length of about 77.6 metres<\/strong> and a <strong>displacement of nearly 900 tonnes<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More than <strong>80% of the ship\u2019s components are indigenously manufactured<\/strong>, highlighting India\u2019s defence self-reliance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ship was <strong>delivered to the Indian Navy in September 2025<\/strong> and <strong>commissioned at Visakhapatnam<\/strong> in October 2025.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Arnala-class ships replace the older <strong>Abhay-class ASW corvettes<\/strong>, enhancing India\u2019s <strong>littoral and coastal defence capabilities<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These ships contribute to strengthening India\u2019s <strong>Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA)<\/strong> and <strong>anti-submarine warfare network<\/strong> in the Indian Ocean Region.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Which one of the following is the best description of \u2018INS Astradharini\u2019, that was in the news recently?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Amphibious warfare ship <br>(b) Nuclear-powered submarine <br><strong>(c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel<\/strong> <br>(d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-90 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/indian-navy-to-commission-ins-androth-on-october-6\/article70128008.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/indian-navy-to-commission-ins-androth-on-october-6\/article70128008.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-91 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. With reference to Indian polity, consider the following Articles of the Indian constitution:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Article 39A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-93 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Article 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-94 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Article 21<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-95 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above articles give constitutional basis to Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-96 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-97 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-98 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) All three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-99 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) None<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-100 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) All three<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-101 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-102 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>India\u2019s justice system faces significant challenges, including access, delays, and accountability, with over 4.57 crore pending cases, and High Courts and district courts experiencing heavy vacancy rates and workloads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-103 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-104\">\n<li><strong>Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)<\/strong> refers to methods of resolving disputes <strong>outside<\/strong> the traditional court litigation process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Common forms include <strong>arbitration, mediation, conciliation, negotiation, Lok Adalats<\/strong>, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ADR aims to provide <strong>faster, less expensive, informal, and flexible<\/strong> dispute resolution routes compared to protracted litigation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-105 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Constitutional &amp; Legal Basis in India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-106\">\n<li>The <strong>constitutional basis<\/strong> of ADR in India is derived from <strong>Article 39A<\/strong> (access to justice) and the principles of <strong>equality (Article 14)<\/strong> and <strong>right to life and liberty (Article 21)<\/strong>. <strong>Hence all the statements are correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs)<\/strong> encourage the State to ensure justice and reduce court burdens through alternative means.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908<\/strong>, empowers courts to refer disputes to ADR mechanisms if settlement appears possible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996<\/strong> (as amended) provides the statutory framework for <strong>arbitration and conciliation<\/strong> in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987<\/strong> institutionalised <strong>Lok Adalats<\/strong> as part of the legal aid system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-107 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Importance &amp; Benefits of ADR for Indian Judiciary:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-108\">\n<li>ADR ensures <strong>speedy, cost-effective, and informal<\/strong> resolution of disputes, reducing judicial pendency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ADR processes promote <strong>confidentiality<\/strong>, <strong>flexibility<\/strong>, and <strong>voluntary participation<\/strong> by disputing parties.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ADR is particularly effective in <strong>commercial, family, and community disputes<\/strong> where maintaining relationships is crucial.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Awards passed by <strong>Lok Adalats<\/strong> are <strong>binding and final<\/strong>, having the same effect as a <strong>civil court decree<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-109 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Challenges &amp; Criticisms:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-110\">\n<li><strong>Court-annexed mediation centres<\/strong> have been established in many High Courts and district courts to encourage early settlements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Supreme Court of India<\/strong> and various High Courts have repeatedly emphasised the need to expand ADR to address the huge backlog of cases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ADR aligns with India\u2019s vision of <strong>\u201caccess to justice for all\u201d<\/strong>, especially for <strong>marginalised and economically weaker sections<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Major challenges to ADR include <strong>low awareness<\/strong>, <strong>lack of trained mediators\/arbitrators<\/strong>, and <strong>power imbalance<\/strong> between parties.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ADR cannot replace courts entirely; <strong>public law and criminal cases<\/strong> generally fall outside its scope.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2024)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. As per Article 368 of the Constitution of India, the Parliament may amend any provision of the Constitution by way of:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Addition <br>2. Variation <br>3. Repeal <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 2 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br>(c) 1 and 3 only <br><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-111 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/why-is-adr-crucial-for-indias-courts\/article70127894.ece#:~:text=The%20constitutional%20basis%20of%20ADR%20in%20India%20is%20enshrined%20in,Code%20of%20Civil%20Procedure%2C%201908\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/why-is-adr-crucial-for-indias-courts\/article70127894.ece#:~:text=The%20constitutional%20basis%20of%20ADR%20in%20India%20is%20enshrined%20in,Code%20of%20Civil%20Procedure%2C%201908<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-112 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Consider the following statements with respect to India &#8211; Singapore relations:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-113 wp-block-paragraph\">1. India and Singapore are members in the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-114 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Singapore has been a part of India\u2019s Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) since 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-115 wp-block-paragraph\">3. A Joint Air Force Training between the two countries is held at at Kalaikunda air base, India<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-116 wp-block-paragraph\">4. The Amaravati Capital City project in Andhra Pradesh had Singapore\u2019s involvement in early planning phases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-117 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above statements are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-118 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-119 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-120 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Only three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-121 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) All Four<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-122 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) All Four<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-123 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-124 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>India-Singapore @ 60: Partnership for Growth &amp; Engagement<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-125 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>India\u2013Singapore Relations:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-126 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Historical &amp; Cultural Ties:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-127\">\n<li>Deep-rooted connections date back to ancient maritime trade and cultural exchanges.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Large Indian diaspora in Singapore (~9% of population), helping build people-to-people links.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shared colonial history under the British Empire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-128 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Geopolitical Importance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-129\">\n<li>Singapore plays a key role in India\u2019s Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific vision.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both countries are part of forums like:<ul><li>ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>East Asia Summit (EAS)<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Singapore supports a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific, aligning with India&#8217;s maritime strategy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Education, Tech, and People-to-People<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MoUs between universities and training institutes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joint skilling programs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Singapore is a popular education destination for Indian students.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-130 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Strategic &amp; Defence Cooperation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-131\">\n<li>Singapore is the only country with which all three Indian armed services (Army, Navy, Air Force) have bilateral exercises:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SIMBEX (Naval)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bold Kurukshetra (Army)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joint Air Force Training at Kalaikunda air base, India <strong>Hence statement 3 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Defence Cooperation Agreement (DCA) signed in 2003, renewed and enhanced over time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Access to each other&#8217;s military facilities, including air and maritime bases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-132 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Economic &amp; Trade Relations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-133\">\n<li>Singapore is one of India&#8217;s largest FDI sources and a major destination for Indian investments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Part of the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) since 2005. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Singapore acts as a financial and trade gateway for India into Southeast Asia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-134 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Areas of collaboration:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-135\">\n<li>Unified Payments Interface (UPI)\u2013PayNow linkage for real-time cross-border transactions (launched in 2023).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Regulatory and technological cooperation between RBI and Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS).g., Smart Cities Mission)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tech collaboration in AI, blockchain, healthtech, and green technologies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Startup exchanges and investor meets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India\u2019s Smart Cities Mission has benefitted from Singapore\u2019s input in:<ul><li>Urban design and digital governance.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Sustainable development models and urban transport.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Capacity building for Indian city planners.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Example: Amaravati Capital City project in Andhra Pradesh had Singapore\u2019s involvement in early planning phases. <strong>Hence statement 4 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-136 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Recent Developments (2025)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-137\">\n<li>India\u2013Singapore Ministerial Roundtable (ISMR) held in August 2025:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ministers from both sides discussed cooperation in digitalisation, sustainability, connectivity, and manufacturing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Proposal for an undersea cable: to transmit solar power from India to Singapore\u2014also usable for data transfer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Collaboration on semiconductors and India\u2019s growing tech ecosystem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2022)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Vietnam has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world in the recent years. <br>2. Vietnam is led by a multi-party political system. <br>3. Vietnam&#8217;s economic growth is linked to its integration with global supply chains and focus on exports. <br>4. For a long time Vietnam&#8217;s low labour costs and stable exchange rates have attracted global manufacturers. <br>5. Vietnam has the most productive e-service sector in the Indo-Pacific region. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 2 and 4 <br>(b) 3 and 5 <br><strong>(c) 1, 3 and 4<\/strong> <br>(d) 1 and 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-138 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2174834\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2174834<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-139 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Which of the following mechanisms primarily helps Amazon trees contribute to the flying rivers?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-140 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Photosynthesis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-141 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Transpiration<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-142 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Evaporation from rivers<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-143 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Condensation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-144 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Transpiration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-145 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-146 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>As Amazon\u2019s \u2018flying rivers\u2019 weaken with tree loss, scientists warn of worsening droughts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"264\" height=\"195\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-9.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2516\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"343\" height=\"194\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2514\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-8.jpg 343w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-8-300x170.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-147 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Amazon\u2019s \u2018Flying Rivers\u2019:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-148\">\n<li>Flying rivers are <strong>airborne \u201crivers\u201d of water vapor<\/strong> that carry moisture from the <strong>Atlantic Ocean across the Amazon rainforest<\/strong>, supporting regional rainfall.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Concept coined by <strong>Brazilian climate scientist Carlos Nobre<\/strong> in <strong>2006<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Early studies quantified how water vapor moves <strong>through and out of the Amazon basin<\/strong>, influencing rainfall patterns<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-149 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mechanism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-150\">\n<li><strong>Trade winds<\/strong> blow <strong>westward along the equator<\/strong>, carrying moist air from the Atlantic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trees in the Amazon <strong>absorb water from soil<\/strong> and <strong>release it into the atmosphere<\/strong> via <strong>transpiration<\/strong>, amplifying moisture transport. <strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moisture is <strong>relayed thousands of miles inland<\/strong>, effectively acting as a <strong>\u201cnatural pump\u201d<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-151 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ecological and Climatic Importance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-152\">\n<li>Ensures <strong>sufficient rainfall<\/strong> for rivers, agriculture, and forest health.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintains the Amazon as a <strong>carbon sink<\/strong>, storing <strong>150\u2013200 billion tonnes of CO2<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supports <strong>biodiversity<\/strong>, <strong>Indigenous communities<\/strong>, and <strong>regional climate stability<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flying rivers illustrate the <strong>link between forests and atmospheric water cycles<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-153 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Threats<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-154\">\n<li><strong>Deforestation<\/strong> weakens transpiration, reducing moisture flow.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Climate change<\/strong> alters trade wind patterns, leading to drought.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Persistent forest loss could push regions beyond a <strong>tipping point<\/strong>, transforming rainforest into <strong>savanna<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"692\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2517\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-11.jpg 624w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-11-271x300.jpg 271w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2020)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Jet streams occur in the Northern Hemisphere only. <br>2. Only some cyclones develop an eye. <br>3. The temperature inside the eye of a cyclone is nearly 10\u00baC lesser than that of the surroundings. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br><strong>(c) 2 only<\/strong> <br>(d) 1 and 3 only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-155 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newindianexpress.com\/world\/2025\/Oct\/01\/as-amazons-flying-rivers-weaken-with-tree-loss-scientists-warn-of-worsening-droughts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.newindianexpress.com\/world\/2025\/Oct\/01\/as-amazons-flying-rivers-weaken-with-tree-loss-scientists-warn-of-worsening-droughts<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-156 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. Exercise KONKAN 2025 was held between<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-157 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) India and UK<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-158 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) India and US<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-159 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) India and France<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-160 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) India and Japan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-161 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) India and UK<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-162 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-163 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>EXERCISE KONKAN &#8211; 2025 COMMENCES ON THE WESTERN SEABOARD<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-164 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Exercise KONKAN \u2013 2025:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-165\">\n<li>Location: Off the western coast of India<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Participants: Indian Navy &amp; Royal Navy (UK). <strong>Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-166 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Format: Two-phase bilateral maritime exercise<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-167 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Harbour Phase:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-168\">\n<li>Professional interactions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cross-deck visits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sports &amp; cultural events<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Subject matter expert exchanges &amp; working group meetings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-169 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sea Phase:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-170\">\n<li>Complex operational drills:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anti-air, anti-surface, anti-submarine warfare<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flying operations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Seamanship evolutions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-171 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Major Participants:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-172 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-173\">\n<li>INS Vikrant (indigenous aircraft carrier)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Surface ships, submarines, air assets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-174 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>UK &amp; Allies:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-175\">\n<li>UK Carrier Strike Group 25 (UK CSG 25) led by HMS Prince of Wales<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Support from Norway and Japan<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-176 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Significance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-177\">\n<li>Strengthens India-UK maritime cooperation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reinforces India-UK Vision 2035 and the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aims to ensure secure, open, and free seas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhances interoperability and regional maritime stability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-178 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2175054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2175054<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-179 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Consider the following pairs:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-180 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Tiruppur Kumaran &#8211;&nbsp; Founder of the Indian Sociologist journal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-181 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Subramaniya Siva&nbsp; &#8211; Detained under sedition charges<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-182 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Shyamji Krishna Varma &#8211; Founded the Desabandu Youth Association<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-183 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the pairs given above is\/are correctly matched?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-184 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-185 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-186 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-187 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-188 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) 2 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-189 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-190 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>PM Pays Tribute to Tiruppur Kumaran and Subramaniya Siva on their Remembrance Day. PM Pays Tribute to Shyamji Krishna Varma on His Birth Anniversary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-191 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tiruppur Kumaran (1904\u20131932)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-192\">\n<li>A passionate freedom fighter from Tamil Nadu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Founder of the Desabandu Youth Association, which mobilized youth for the nationalist cause. <strong>Hence pair 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Died while carrying the Indian national flag during a protest march against British rule \u2014 despite being beaten by police, he refused to let the flag touch the ground.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remembered as &#8220;Kodi Kaatha Kumaran&#8221; (Kumaran who protected the flag).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-193 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Subramaniya Siva (1884\u20131925)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-194\">\n<li>Tamil revolutionary and close associate of V.O. Chidambaram Pillai.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Actively spread nationalist ideas through public speeches and writings in Tamil.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arrested for sedition and imprisoned; contracted leprosy due to harsh prison conditions but continued his work. <strong>Hence pair 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>His efforts inspired nationalist awakening in southern India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-195 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Shyamji Krishna Varma (1857\u20131930)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-196\">\n<li>Revolutionary and nationalist leader based in London.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Founded the India House and The Indian Sociologist journal to promote Indian independence abroad. <strong>Hence pair 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provided support and inspiration to young revolutionaries like Veer Savarkar and Madam Cama.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advocated for Indian self-rule and exposed British colonial injustices internationally.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2019)<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Consider the following pairs:<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>\u00a0<\/strong><br><br><strong>Movement\/Organization\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0                   Leader<\/strong> <br>1. All India Anti-Untouchability League &#8211;\u00a0 Mahatma Gandhi <br>2.All India Kisan Sabha\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 Swami Sahajanand Saraswati <br>3.Self-Respect Movement Naicker\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0    &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 E.V. Ramaswami <br><br><strong>Which of the pairs given above is\/are correctly matched?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 1 and 2 only <br>(c) 2 and 3 only <br><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-197 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2174803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2174803<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-198 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2174693\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2174693<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-199 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Which of the following is not a bird?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-200 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Golden Mahseer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-201 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Indian Nightjar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-202 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Spoonbill<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-203 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) White Ibis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-204 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) Golden Mahseer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-205 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-206 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Golden Mahseer<\/strong> \u2013 A freshwater <strong>fish<\/strong>, found in rivers of India and Southeast Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-207 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Indian Nightjar<\/strong> \u2013 A <strong>bird<\/strong> known for its nocturnal habits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-208 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Spoonbill<\/strong> \u2013 A <strong>wading bird<\/strong> with a distinctive spoon-shaped bill.<strong>White Ibis<\/strong> \u2013 A <strong>bird<\/strong> found in wetlands, recognizable by its long curved bill.<\/p>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new Date())-t0>120)return;if((document.cookie||'').indexOf('http2_session_id=')!==-1)return;function systemLoad(input){var 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