{"id":2334,"date":"2025-09-10T05:39:01","date_gmt":"2025-09-10T05:39:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2334"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:53:40","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:53:40","slug":"daily-current-affairs-09-09-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-09-09-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Daily Current Affairs \u2013 09-09-2025"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. The Maternal Mortality Ratio in an economy is defined as :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a year<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) the number of children born and dead to a couple in their lifetime in a given population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) the birth rate minus death rate per 1000 women in reproductive age<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) the percentage of women receiving antenatal care during pregnancy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (a) the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a year<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Kerala\u2019s maternal mortality ratio rises steeply from 18 to 30<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kerala\u2019s MMR Rises to 30:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-10\">\n<li>Kerala\u2019s MMR increased from 18 to 30 per 1,00,000 live births in the latest SRS bulletin (2021\u201323).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Despite this increase, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh still lead as the States with the lowest MMR in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The absolute number of maternal deaths has stayed steady (around 120\u2013140 per year).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, live births have declined significantly in recent years (now below 4 lakh).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This shrinking denominator naturally pushes the MMR upward, even if the health situation hasn&#8217;t worsened.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 2021, Kerala saw 97 maternal deaths due to COVID-19, which contributed to a spike in MMR (to 51).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Maternal Mortality Ratio:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-12\">\n<li>MMR refers to the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a given time period (usually one year). <strong>Hence option (a) is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A maternal death is the death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It&#8217;s a key indicator of maternal health, access to healthcare, and the effectiveness of a country\u2019s health system.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A high MMR often reflects inadequate access to quality prenatal and delivery care.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is used by governments, WHO, and researchers to track progress toward health goals, like the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.1:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>India&#8217;s target to reduce its Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is to achieve fewer than 70 deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030, which aligns with the United Nations&#8217; Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 3).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-13 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Factors Affecting MMR:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-14\">\n<li>Quality of antenatal care<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Skilled birth attendance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emergency obstetric care<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maternal age and health conditions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Education and awareness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Socioeconomic and cultural factors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2024)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. The total fertility rate in an economy is defined as :<\/strong> <br><br>(a) the number of children born per 1000 People in the Population in a year. <br>(b) the number of children born to couple in their lifetime in a given population. <br>(c) the birth rate minus death rate. <br><strong>(d) the average number of live births a woman would have by the end of her child-bearing age.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/kerala\/keralas-maternal-mortality-rate-up-from-18-to-30\/article70025878.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/kerala\/keralas-maternal-mortality-rate-up-from-18-to-30\/article70025878.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Consider the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Narrowing Current Account Deficit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-18 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Reduced Job Creation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\">3. High Capital formation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Increased Currency volatility<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\">5. Balance of payments Crisis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above are the impacts of declining FDI in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only two&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only three&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Only four&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) All five<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Only three<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>A complex turn in India\u2019s FDI story<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-31\">\n<li>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to investments made by a foreign entity (individuals, companies, or governments) into businesses or production units in India with the intention of establishing a lasting interest or control.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>FDI inflows into India are regulated under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999, and overseen by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>FDI can come in the form of:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-33\">\n<li>Setting up new businesses (Greenfield investments)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acquiring existing businesses (Brownfield investments)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joint ventures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Buying equity shares in Indian companies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Automatic Route<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-35\">\n<li>No prior government approval is required.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>FDI is allowed up to a certain percentage in specific sectors (e.g., 100% in IT, 74% in telecom).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Just needs to be reported to RBI post-investment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Examples:<\/strong> IT services, Manufacturing, Ecommerce (marketplace model)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-36 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Government Route<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-37\">\n<li>Prior approval required from the concerned ministry\/department.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Used for sensitive or strategic sectors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Examples:<\/strong> Defense, Media, Satellites, Sectors where investments come from countries sharing land borders with India (especially China)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-38 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Current Trends of FDI in India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-39\">\n<li>Investments are now focused more on short-term gains (e.g., tax arbitrage) than long-term industrial development.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Manufacturing, once a top FDI destination, now accounts for just 12% of total inflows.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sectoral Distribution:<ul><li>Gaining FDI: Services, finance, energy distribution, hospitality (mostly rent-seeking sectors)<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Losing FDI: Manufacturing, tech, infrastructure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sources of FDI (Top Countries): Singapore, Mauritius, USA, Netherlands and Japan<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-40 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Why the Decline in Net FDI?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-41\">\n<li>High Disinvestments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Post-pandemic instabilities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Foreign investors pulled out $153.9 billion between FY 2021\u201325.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Indian Firms Investing Abroad driven by regulatory hurdles, infrastructure gaps and unstable policies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-42 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Impacts of Declining FDI in India<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-43\">\n<li>Reduced capital availability for infrastructure, manufacturing, and innovation-led sectors. <strong>Hence 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Slower job creation, especially in labor-intensive industries like manufacturing and services. <strong>Hence 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lower technology transfer, hindering modernization and productivity improvements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weakening of industrial growth, as FDI is often a driver of sectoral expansion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduced integration with global value chains, limiting export competitiveness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Widening Current Account Deficit (CAD, a fall in FDI increases pressure on India&#8217;s external accounts. <strong>Hence 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pressure on the balance of payments, making India more vulnerable to external shocks. <strong>Hence 5 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Increased currency volatility, as lower FDI inflows reduce foreign exchange reserves. <strong>Hence 4 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loss of investor confidence, discouraging both foreign and domestic long-term investments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Higher reliance on short-term capital flows, which are more volatile and risky.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stunted development of strategic sectors (e.g., clean energy, advanced tech) due to lack of patient capital.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Slower progress towards becoming a global manufacturing hub under initiatives like &#8220;Make in India&#8221;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduced government revenue from associated taxes and duties on foreign investments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2011)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Both Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Institutional Investor (FII) are related to investment in a country. <\/strong><br><br><strong>Which one of the following statements best represents an important difference between the two?<\/strong><br><br>(a) FII helps bring better management skills and technology, while FDI only brings in capital <br><strong>(b) FII helps in increasing capital availability in general, while FDI only targets specific sectors<\/strong> <br>(c) FDI flows only into the secondary market, while FII targets primary market. <br>(d) FII is considered to be more stable than FDI<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/a-complex-turn-in-indias-fdi-story\/article70022990.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/a-complex-turn-in-indias-fdi-story\/article70022990.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement-I: <\/strong>Lightning is recognized as a national-level natural disaster in India and covered under the central State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-47 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement-II: <\/strong>Lightning is responsible for 33% of natural disaster deaths in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-49 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-50 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-51 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-52 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-53 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement II is correct<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-54 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>As lightning strikes rise in Jharkhand, its poor and marginalised tribal communities are most at risk<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-56 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lightning:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-57\">\n<li>Lightning is a sudden electrostatic discharge caused by the buildup of electrical charges in clouds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It occurs when oppositely charged particles in the cloud and ground (or within clouds) create a strong electric field.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When the electrical potential exceeds a threshold, a high-voltage discharge occurs, visible as a lightning bolt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Most lightning occurs within clouds, but cloud-to-ground strikes are the most dangerous.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The discharge rapidly heats the air to about 30,000\u00b0C, causing it to expand explosively \u2014 this creates thunder.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lightning commonly occurs during thunderstorms, especially in hot and humid conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is a natural but highly dangerous phenomenon, often causing fatalities, fires, and damage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-58 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lightning Risk in Jharkhand&#8217;s Tribal and Rural Communities<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-59\">\n<li>Over the past decade, 1,669 people have died due to lightning strikes in Jharkhand, highlighting a persistent and grave risk.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The majority of victims are small farmers and members of tribal communities, who work in open fields and hilly terrain, often under tall trees that increase their exposure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jharkhand is one of six highly vulnerable states as per the India Meteorological Department and CROPC.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Although lightning conductors were installed in schools and public buildings, they are often stolen or non-functional. Many rural schools lack adequate protection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The state government provides compensation\u2014\u20b94 lakh for fatalities and up to \u20b92 lakh for injuries\u2014but this does little to restore livelihoods or emotional loss, particularly as most victims were sole earners.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Though warning systems like the Mausam, Meghdoot, and Damini apps exist, awareness remains low, especially in remote areas lacking mobile connectivity or where people don&#8217;t carry phones to work<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lightning &#8211; protection in India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-61\">\n<li>Lightning is responsible for 33% of natural disaster deaths nationwide. <strong>Hence statement II is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, lightning is not recognized as a national-level natural disaster in India, and thus is not covered under the central State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF). <strong>Hence statement I is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Presently, lightning-related deaths are categorized as &#8220;accidental deaths&#8221; by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), not as a disaster<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Despite repeated demands by states like Bihar, West Bengal, and Odisha to classify lightning as a natural disaster (which would enable compensation via SDRF), the Central government has declined, citing the potential to prevent such deaths through awareness programs instead<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At the state level, some governments have declared lightning as a &#8220;state-specific disaster&#8221;, allowing them to provide ex-gratia support<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-62 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Impacts of Lightning:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-63\">\n<li>Lightning causes thousands of deaths in India annually, especially among farmers and rural workers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Survivors often suffer from severe burns, neurological injuries, or long-term disabilities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lightning strikes destroy homes, schools, and public infrastructure, particularly in poorly protected rural areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrical equipment and power lines are frequently damaged during thunderstorms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Livestock losses are common, affecting the livelihoods of tribal and farming communities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lightning can spark forest fires, leading to environmental degradation and biodiversity loss.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Affected families experience emotional trauma and financial hardship due to sudden loss of earning members.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2013)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. During the thunderstorm, the thunder in the skies is produced by the<\/strong> <br><br>1. meeting of cumulonimbus clouds in the sky<br>2. lightning that separates the nimbus clouds 3. violent upward movement of air and water particles <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the codes given below.<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br><strong>(b) 2 and 3<\/strong> <br>(c) 1 and 3 <br>(d) None of the above produces the thunder<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-64 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/natural-disasters\/as-lightning-strikes-rise-in-jharkhand-its-poor-and-marginalised-tribal-communities-are-most-at-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/natural-disasters\/as-lightning-strikes-rise-in-jharkhand-its-poor-and-marginalised-tribal-communities-are-most-at-risk<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-65 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Consider the following statements with respect to Himalayan brown bear:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-66 wp-block-paragraph\">1. It is a subspecies of the Brown Bear found only in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-67 wp-block-paragraph\">2. They maintain large territories and mark them with scent to avoid direct encounters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68 wp-block-paragraph\">3. As apex scavengers, these bears contribute to nutrient cycling in alpine ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Deosai National Park in Pakistan and the Great Himalayan National Park in India are the two notable protected areas of the species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-70 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-71 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-72 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 3 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-73 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 2 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-74 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 2, 3 and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-75 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) 2, 3 and 4<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-76 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-77 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Human-induced climate change and bears\u2019 habituation to human-made food is causing conflict to rise<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-78 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Himalayan brown bear:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-79\">\n<li>It is a subspecies of the Brown Bear, found in India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Tibet. <strong>Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has a light brown to sandy or reddish coat \u2013 hence also called the &#8220;Isabelline Bear&#8221;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is omnivorous: eats roots, fruits, insects, small mammals, and carrion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enters hibernation in winter, usually from November to March in self-dug snow or rock dens<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is solitary and territorial, except during mating or with cubs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As apex scavengers and predators, bears help regulate herbivore populations and contribute to nutrient cycling in alpine ecosystems. <strong>Hence statement 3 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They maintain large territories and mark them with scent to avoid direct encounters. <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are most active during dawn, dusk, and at night to avoid human encounters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-80 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Distribution in India<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-81 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Found in the Western Himalayas, especially:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-82\">\n<li>Ladakh<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul-Spiti, Pangi Valley)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Uttarakhand (rare)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jammu &amp; Kashmir (Kishtwar, Suru Valley, Thajiwas)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"254\" height=\"195\" src=\"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2335\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-83 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conservation Status<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-84\">\n<li>IUCN Red List &#8211; Critically Endangered (India)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wildlife Protection Act (India) &#8211; Schedule I<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-85 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conservation Efforts:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-86 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Protected Areas:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-87\">\n<li>Deosai National Park (Pakistan): Bear numbers rose from 19 in 1993 to 78 in 2022 due to effective protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Great Himalayan National Park (India): Important habitat and refuge within protected network <strong>Hence statement 4 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-88 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Community Engagement:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-89\">\n<li>In Ladakh\u2019s Drass region, community \u201cBear Guardian\u201d initiatives, workshops, and monitoring have reduced attacks and strengthened coexistence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-90 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Primary conflict drivers include:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-91\">\n<li>Anthropogenic food sources<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Livestock grazing in bear habitats<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lack of community awareness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mitigation recommendations:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-93\">\n<li>Better crop\/waste management<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supervised grazing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Community watch groups<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Establishing protected zones<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2020)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Which one of the following protected areas is well-known for the conservation of a sub-species of the Indian swamp deer (Barasingha) that thrives well on hard ground and is exclusively graminivorous?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) Kanha National Park<\/strong> <br>(b) Manas National Park <br>(c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary <br>(d) Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-94 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/wildlife-biodiversity\/quratulain-balouch-may-have-survived-a-himalayan-brown-bear-attack-but-conflict-between-these-iconic-ursids-and-humans-is-already-increasing-across-the-himalayas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/wildlife-biodiversity\/quratulain-balouch-may-have-survived-a-himalayan-brown-bear-attack-but-conflict-between-these-iconic-ursids-and-humans-is-already-increasing-across-the-himalayas<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-95 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Consider the following statements in respect of election to the Vice President of India:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-96 wp-block-paragraph\">1. The candidate must have a minimum age of 35 years and be qualified to be elected as a member of the Lok Sabha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-97 wp-block-paragraph\">2. The electoral college consists of all elected and nominated Members of Parliament from both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-98 wp-block-paragraph\">3. The election is held through a secret ballot using the single transferable vote system<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-99 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above statements are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-100 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-101 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-102 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) All three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-103 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) None<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-104 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Only two<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-105 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-106 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> PM votes in the 2025 Vice President election<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-107 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Election of Vice President:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-108\">\n<li>The Vice President of India is elected by the members of both Houses of Parliament through a secret ballot using the single transferable vote system, as mandated by Article 66 of the Indian Constitution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electoral College: Consists of all elected and nominated Members of Parliament (MPs) from both the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). <strong>Hence statement 2 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Voting System: Employs the single transferable vote system, allowing MPs to rank candidates in order of preference. This system ensures proportional representation and minimizes the chances of a candidate winning without broad support. <strong>Hence statement 3 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Vice President holds office for a term of five years.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The election is conducted by the Election Commission of India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-109 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Eligibility of Candidates:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-110\">\n<li>Must be a citizen of India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Minimum age of 35 years.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Qualified to be elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha. <strong>Hence statement 1 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Must not hold any office of profit under the government.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-111 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Role of the Vice President:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-112\">\n<li>The Vice President is the second-highest constitutional office in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acts as the acting President in case of the President&#8217;s absence, death, resignation, or impeachment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Performs other duties as assigned by the President of India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2023)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements in respect of election to the President of India :<\/strong> <br><br>1. The members nominated to either House of the Parliament or the Legislative Assemblies of States are also eligible to be included in the Electoral College.<br>2. Higher the number of elective Assembly seats, higher is the value of vote of each MLA of that State.<br>3. The value of vote of each MLA of Madhya Pradesh is greater than that of Kerala.<br>4. The value of vote of each MLA of Puducherry is higher than that of Arunachal Pradesh because the ratio of total population to total number of elective seats in Puducherry is greater as compared to Arunachal Pradesh. <br><br><strong>How many of the above statements are correct?<\/strong> <br><br><strong>(a) Only one<\/strong> <br>(b) Only two <br>(c) Only three <br>(d) All four<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-113 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2164831\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2164831<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-114 wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/pm-modi-to-cast-first-vote-in-vice-presidential-election\/article70026942.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/pm-modi-to-cast-first-vote-in-vice-presidential-election\/article70026942.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-115 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. Consider the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-116 wp-block-paragraph\">1. Obstructed drainage due to unplanned urban development<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-117 wp-block-paragraph\">2. Paddy cultivation during the monsoon season<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-118 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Efficient groundwater recharge techniques<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-119 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Ill-timed dam water release<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-120 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the above factors are responsible for worsening floods?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-121 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1, 2, and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-122 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 1, 2, and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-123 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 2, 3, and 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-124 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-125 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) 1, 2, and 4<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-126 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-127 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Explained: Why Punjab keeps flooding<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-128 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Why Punjab keeps flooding:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-129 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Natural Factors<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-130\">\n<li>Geography: Punjab, often termed the \u201cland of five rivers,\u201d is naturally flood-prone due to its location in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where multiple rivers converge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Monsoon Rains: Intense and prolonged monsoon rains, especially in upstream regions like Himachal Pradesh and Jammu &amp; Kashmir, lead to the swelling of rivers such as the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, and seasonal streams like the Ghaggar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-131 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Human-Induced Factors<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-132\">\n<li>Obstructed Drainage: Urban development has led to the construction of highways and culverts without adequate drainage systems, causing water stagnation in both rural and urban areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dam Management: Ill-timed releases from dams, sometimes without proper coordination, exacerbate downstream flooding.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Agricultural Practices: The adoption of paddy cultivation, especially during the monsoon, increases water usage and hampers groundwater recharge, making the region more susceptible to flooding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-133 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hence statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-134 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Note<\/strong>: Efficient groundwater recharge helps mitigate floods, not worsen them. <strong>Hence statement 3 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2013)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Contour bunding is a method of soil conservation used in<\/strong> <br><br>(a) Desert margins, liable to strong wind action <br>(b) Low flat plains, close to stream courses, liable to flooding <br>(c) Scrublands, liable to spread of weed growth <br><strong>(d) None of the above<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-135 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/why-punjab-keeps-flooding-10232974\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/why-punjab-keeps-flooding-10232974\/<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-136 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-137 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement-I: <\/strong>Israel is among the top three arms suppliers to India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-138 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statement-II: <\/strong>India and Israel has the signed the Free Trade Agreement (FTA)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-139 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-140 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-141 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-142 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-143 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-144 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-145 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-146 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>Israeli Finance Minister Smotrich visits India, signs Bilateral Investment Agreement<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-147 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>India\u2013Israel Relations: Key Highlights<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-148\">\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>Establishment of Full Diplomatic Ties<\/strong>:<br>India established full diplomatic relations with Israel in <strong>1992<\/strong>, although recognition came earlier in <strong>1950<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>Strategic Partnership<\/strong>:<br>The relationship has evolved into a <strong>strategic partnership<\/strong>, especially in <strong>defence, agriculture, water management, and cybersecurity<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>Defence Cooperation<\/strong>:<br>Israel is among the <strong>top three arms suppliers to India<\/strong>. India imports UAVs, missiles, radars, and border management technologies from Israel. <strong>Hence statement I is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>Agricultural Collaboration<\/strong>:<br>Through the <strong>India-Israel Agricultural Project (IIAP)<\/strong>, Israel has helped set up <strong>Centers of Excellence<\/strong> in various Indian states, promoting modern farming techniques.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>High-Level Visits<\/strong>:<ol><li>PM <strong>Narendra Modi visited Israel in 2017<\/strong>, the first Indian PM to do so.<\/li><\/ol>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PM <strong>Benjamin Netanyahu visited India in 2018<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>Counter-Terrorism &amp; Intelligence Sharing<\/strong>:<br>India and Israel cooperate closely on <strong>counter-terrorism<\/strong>, intelligence sharing, and homeland security.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>Technology and Innovation<\/strong>:<br>Israel\u2019s strength in <strong>startups, water technology, and renewable energy<\/strong> complements India\u2019s development needs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>Water &amp; Irrigation<\/strong>:<br>Israel supports India with advanced <strong>drip irrigation, desalination, and water reuse<\/strong> technologies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>Trade and Economic Ties<\/strong>:<br>Bilateral trade stands at around <strong>$10 billion<\/strong> (goods + services). Key sectors: <strong>diamonds, defence, tech, and agriculture<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>Free Trade Agreement (FTA)<\/strong>:<br>Talks for an India-Israel <strong>FTA<\/strong> are ongoing but remain inconclusive. <strong>Hence statement II is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>Diaspora Connection<\/strong>:<br>Around <strong>85,000 Indian Jews<\/strong> live in Israel, creating a cultural bridge between the two nations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>UN and Diplomatic Stances<\/strong>:<br>India traditionally supported the Palestinian cause but has <strong>balanced ties<\/strong> in recent years, often abstaining from anti-Israel resolutions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><\/strong><strong>Recent Context (Gaza Conflict)<\/strong>:<br>India has reiterated support for <strong>Israel\u2019s right to self-defence<\/strong> while also calling for <strong>restraint and humanitarian concern<\/strong> in the region.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2023)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><strong>Statement-I:<\/strong> Israel has established diplomatic relations with some Arab States. <br><strong>Statement-II:<\/strong> The &#8216;Arab Peace Initiative&#8217; mediated by Saudi Arabia was signed by Israel and the Arab League. <br><br><strong>Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/strong> <br>(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I <br>(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I <br><strong>(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect<\/strong> <br>(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-149 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/india-israel-ink-bilateral-investment-treaty\/article70025459.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/india-israel-ink-bilateral-investment-treaty\/article70025459.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-150 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>8. Consider the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-151 wp-block-paragraph\">1. SMS-based one-time passwords (OTP)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-152 wp-block-paragraph\">2. App-based authenticators<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-153 wp-block-paragraph\">3. Biometric verification<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-154 wp-block-paragraph\">4. Hardware tokens<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-155 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How many of the above are the common two-factor authentication (2FA)?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-156 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Only one<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-157 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Only two<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-158 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) Only three<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-159 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) All four<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-160 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (d) All four<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-161 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-162 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS: <\/strong>How does two-factor authentication (2FA) work?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-163 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Two-Factor Authentication (2FA):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-164\">\n<li><strong>2FA is a security mechanism<\/strong> that requires users to provide two distinct forms of identification before accessing an account or system.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The two factors are typically drawn from <strong>three categories<\/strong>:<ul><li>Something you <em>know<\/em> (e.g., password or PIN)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Something you <em>have<\/em> (e.g., OTP, smart card, mobile device)<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Something you <em>are<\/em> (e.g., fingerprint, facial recognition)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Purpose<\/strong>: To enhance digital security by reducing the risk of unauthorized access due to compromised passwords.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Common 2FA Methods<\/strong>:<ul><li>SMS-based one-time passwords (OTP)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>App-based authenticators (e.g., Google Authenticator, Authy)<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Biometric verification (e.g., fingerprint, iris scan)<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hardware tokens (e.g., YubiKey). <strong>Hence, all four statements are correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Time-Based One-Time Passwords (TOTP)<\/strong> are generated by authenticator apps and change every 30 seconds, increasing security.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SMS-based 2FA is less secure<\/strong>, as it is vulnerable to SIM-swapping and message interception.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hardware tokens provide high security<\/strong> and are resistant to phishing but may be costly and less convenient.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Push-based 2FA<\/strong> (login approval prompts on phone) is convenient but can be vulnerable to \u201cMFA fatigue\u201d (accidental approvals).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2FA significantly reduces the success of phishing, credential theft, and brute-force attacks.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>RBI mandates 2FA<\/strong> for certain banking and digital payment services in India to enhance cyber security.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Limitations<\/strong>:<ul><li>User inconvenience<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Vulnerability of some methods (e.g., SMS)<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Not all services support strong 2FA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Passkeys<\/strong> and <strong>passwordless authentication<\/strong> (using biometrics + device identity) are emerging as future alternatives to 2FA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2014)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. In addition to fingerprint scanning, which of the following can be used in the biometric identification of a person?<\/strong> <br><br>1. Iris scanning<br>2. Retinal scanning<br>3. Voice recognition <br><br><strong>Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 and 3 only <br>(c) 1 and 3 only <br><strong>(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-165 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/science\/how-does-two-factor-authentication-2fa-work\/article70025620.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/science\/how-does-two-factor-authentication-2fa-work\/article70025620.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-166 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>9. Consider the following statements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-167 wp-block-paragraph\">1. The Red Sea is one of the world\u2019s saltiest bodies of water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-168 wp-block-paragraph\">2. The Red Sea was formed by tectonic rifting, as the Indian plate moves away from the African plate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-169 wp-block-paragraph\">3. The Red Sea has extensive coral reefs, especially along the coasts of Egypt, Sudan, and Saudi Arabia, supporting rich biodiversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-170 wp-block-paragraph\">4. The Red Sea experiences huge river inflow which makes the river saltier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-171 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Which of the statement(s) given above is\/are correct?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-172 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) 1, 2 and 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-173 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) 3 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-174 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-175 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) 2 and 4 only<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-176 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (c) 1 and 3 only<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-177 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-178 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In NEWS:<\/strong> Red Sea cable cut interrupts internet in Asia: How data travels to you under the ocean<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-179 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Red Sea:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-180\">\n<li><strong>The Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean<\/strong>, located between northeastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is <strong>connected to the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal<\/strong> in the north and to the <strong>Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea<\/strong> in the south through the <strong>Bab el-Mandeb Strait<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Countries bordering the Red Sea include:<ul><li><strong>Africa:<\/strong> Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Asia:<\/strong> Djibouti (via Bab el-Mandeb), Saudi Arabia, Yemen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Red Sea is one of the world\u2019s saltiest bodies of water<\/strong>, due to high evaporation and low rainfall. <strong>Hence statement 1 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is <strong>approximately 2,250 km long<\/strong>, with an average width of 355 km and a maximum depth of about 2,500 meters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Red Sea was formed by <strong>tectonic rifting<\/strong>, as the <strong>Arabian plate<\/strong> moves away from the<strong> African plate<\/strong> \u2014 making it a <strong>young ocean basin in formation<\/strong>. <strong>Hence statement 2 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It has <strong>extensive coral reefs<\/strong>, especially along the coasts of Egypt, Sudan, and Saudi Arabia, supporting rich biodiversity. <strong>Hence statement 3 is correct.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Red Sea is a <strong>major global shipping route<\/strong>, particularly due to the <strong>Suez Canal<\/strong>, which links Europe and Asia \u2014 making it geopolitically and economically vital.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It holds <strong>strategic military importance<\/strong>, especially near the <strong>Bab el-Mandeb Strait<\/strong>, a chokepoint for maritime trade.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The name &#8220;Red Sea&#8221; is believed to derive from either the <strong>seasonal blooms of red-colored cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium)<\/strong> or from ancient directional color systems (where &#8220;red&#8221; meant south).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It experiences <strong>no river inflow<\/strong>, resulting in <strong>very high salinity<\/strong>, typically between 36\u201341 PSU (Practical Salinity Units). <strong>Hence statement 4 is incorrect.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Periodic conflicts and tensions in surrounding regions (e.g., <strong>Yemen crisis, Houthi attacks on ships<\/strong>) have raised concerns over freedom of navigation in the Red Sea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE: (2024)<\/strong> <br><br><strong>Q. Consider the following statements:<\/strong> <br><br>1. The Red Sea receives very little precipitation in any form.<br>2. No water enters the Red Sea from rivers. <br><br><strong>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/strong> <br><br>(a) 1 only <br>(b) 2 only <br><strong>(c) Both 1 and 2<\/strong> <br>(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-181 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-sci-tech\/undersea-cables-red-sea-internet-working-simplified-10239041\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-sci-tech\/undersea-cables-red-sea-internet-working-simplified-10239041\/<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-182 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>10. Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-183 wp-block-paragraph\">(a) Biosphere Reserve<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-184 wp-block-paragraph\">(b) Botanical Garden<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-185 wp-block-paragraph\">(c) National Park<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-186 wp-block-paragraph\">(d) Wildlife Sanctuary<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-187 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Answer: (b) Botanical Garden<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-188 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>EXPLANATION:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-189 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In-situ conservation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-190\">\n<li><strong>In-situ conservation<\/strong> means conserving species <strong>in their natural habitats<\/strong>.<br>Examples include:<ul><li><strong>Biosphere Reserves<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>National Parks<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Wildlife Sanctuaries<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These areas allow flora and fauna to live and evolve in their <strong>natural ecosystems<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Botanical Gardens<\/strong>, on the other hand, are an example of <strong>ex-situ conservation<\/strong>, where plants are conserved <strong>outside their natural habitats<\/strong>, often for research, education, or preservation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new 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